Điện Biên Phủ

Điện Biên Phủ Thành phố Điện Biên Phủ
City (Class-3)
Điện Biên Phủ City
21°23′N 103°1′E / 21.383°N 103.017°E / 21.383; 103.017
Country	Vietnam
Province	Điện Biên
Founded	April 18, 1992: established Điện Biên Phủ town[citation needed] September 26, 2003: established Điện Biên Phủ city[citation needed]
Area [1]
• City (Class-3)	308.18 km2 (118.99 sq mi)
Population  (December 31, 2022)[1]
• City (Class-3)	84,672
• Density	270/km2 (710/sq mi)
• Urban	59,876
• Ethnicities	Kinh Thai H'Mong
Time zone	UTC+7 (Indochina Time)
Climate	Cwa
Website	tpdienbienphu.dienbien.gov.vn

Điện Biên Phủ (Vietnamese: [ɗîənˀ ɓīən fû] ^ⓘ is a city in the northwestern region of Vietnam. It is the capital of Điện Biên Province. The city is best known for the decisive Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, which occurred during the First Indochina War of independence against France. The region is a center of ethnic Thai culture. In prior history, the city was formerly called Muang Thaeng.

Điện Biên Phủ lies in Mường Thanh Valley, a 20 km (12 mi)) long and 6 km (3.7 mi) wide basin sometimes described as "heart-shaped." It is on the western edge of Điện Biên Province, of which it is the capital, and is only about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border with Laos.

Until the creation of the province in 2004, Điện Biên Phủ was part of Lai Châu Province. The Vietnamese government elevated Điện Biên Phủ to town status in 1992, and to city status in 2003.

Demographics

Statistics on Điện Biên Phủ's population vary depending on definitions—figures are generally between 70,000 and 125,000. The city is growing quickly and was projected to have a population of 150,000 by 2020.^[2]

According to statistics from the government, as of 2019, the city had a population of 80,366 people,^[1] covering an area of 308.18 km².

Transport

National Route 12 connects Điện Biên to Lai Châu. Điện Biên Phủ Airport serves the city with air route to Hanoi capital and Ho Chi Minh City.

History

The 8th century Thai locality of Muang Then is believed to have been centered here.^{[citation needed]}

Nineteenth and early twentieth century

Điện Biên Phủ was rather politically removed from central Vietnamese control until 1841. In this year, under the Nguyễn dynasty, Điện Biên Phủ was directly incorporated into the Vietnamese political system when they established the town as an administrative district. This was partly done for more direct control of the region and to stop bandits who were exploiting the opium trade.^[3]

In 1887, Điện Biên Phủ became a French protectorate. To ensure that the French would control the local opium trade, they appointed a sole administrator to supervise the trade and control the town. Other than a Hmong rebellion in 1918, the town was under French control until the Japanese occupied it during World War II. By early May 1945, the Japanese occupied Điện Biên Phủ and planned to convert it into a large military and logistical base. However, with an airstrip barely being enlarged, Chinese nationalist troops took the town in August of the same year. Subsequently, the nationalist forces then gave way to returning French troops.^[3]

Operation Castor (1953)

In the 1950s, the town was known for its famous opium traffic, generating 500,000,000 French francs annually. It was also an extensive source of rice for the Việt Minh.^[4]

The region was fortified in November 1953 by the French Union force in the biggest airborne operation of the 1946–1954 First Indochina War, Operation Castor, to block Việt Minh transport routes and to set the stage to draw out Việt Minh forces.

Siege of Điện Biên Phủ (1954)

The following year, the important Battle of Điện Biên Phủ was fought between the Việt Minh (led by General Võ Nguyên Giáp), and the French Union (led by General Henri Navarre, successor to General Raoul Salan). The siege of the French garrison lasted fifty-seven days, from 17:30, 13 March to 17:30, 7 May 1954. The southern outpost or fire base of "Camp Isabelle" did not follow the cease-fire order and fought until 01:00 the following day. The long-scheduled Geneva Meeting's Indochina conference involving the United States, the UK, the French Union and the USSR had already begun on 26 April 1954.^[5][6]

The battle was significant beyond the valleys of Điện Biên Phủ. Giáp's victory ended major French involvement in Indochina and led to the Geneva accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and South.

Điện Biên Phủ apparently recovered quickly after the siege. When Wilfred Burchett visited the area in 1962, he found a 5000 acre state-owned farm growing coffee, cotton, rice, and sugar cane on land that had once been a battleground. For example, the airstrip at Isabelle was now a rice field, and most of the approach trenches used by the Việt Minh had been filled in. The farm manager told him that 1500 soldiers from 176th regiment arrived in 1958 to cultivate the area, followed by 1200 volunteers from the Red River Delta, of which 900 were women. During their first season there, they cleared away the leftover land mines and rushed to grow enough crops in time, to the exclusion of other activities. They did not have housing until after the first season; in the meantime, they sheltered with the local Thái tribe, who also gave them extra seeds for growing rice. Burchett claimed he also saw a hospital with 60 beds, some pottery-making facilities, the remains of a French tank and various airplanes, two tombstones dedicated to the two soldiers who blew up said tank, a "modest" monument packed with more tombstones, and a "small museum" filled with homemade weapons used in the battle.^[7]

Climate

See also

• Battle of Điện Biên Phủ
• Operation Castor

Notes

External links

Municipalities

Special	Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)
Class-1	Cantho Danang Haiphong

Municipal cities

Class-1	Thủ Đức

Provincial cities

Class-1	Bắc Ninh Biên Hòa Buôn Ma Thuột Da Lat Hạ Long Hải Dương Huế Long Xuyên Mỹ Tho Nam Định Nha Trang Pleiku Quy Nhon Thái Nguyên Thanh Hóa Thủ Dầu Một Việt Trì Vinh Vũng Tàu
Class-2	Bà Rịa Bạc Liêu Bắc Giang Bến Tre Cà Mau Cao Lãnh Cẩm Phả Châu Đốc Đồng Hới Hà Tĩnh Lào Cai Lạng Sơn Móng Cái Ninh Bình Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm Phan Thiết Phủ Lý Phú Quốc Quảng Ngãi Rạch Giá Sa Đéc Sơn La Tam Kỳ Tân An Thái Bình Trà Vinh Tuy Hòa Uông Bí Vị Thanh Vĩnh Long Vĩnh Yên
Class-3	Bắc Kạn Bảo Lộc Bến Cát Cam Ranh Cao Bằng Chí Linh Dĩ An Điện Biên Phủ Đông Hà Đồng Xoài Gia Nghĩa Gò Công Hà Giang Hà Tiên Hòa Bình Hội An Hưng Yên Hồng Ngự Kon Tum Lai Châu Long Khánh Ngã Bảy Phổ Yên Phúc Yên Sầm Sơn Sóc Trăng Sông Công Tân Uyên Tam Điệp Tây Ninh Thuận An Tuyên Quang Từ Sơn Yên Bái

District-level towns

Class-3	An Nhơn Bỉm Sơn Bình Minh Cai Lậy Cửa Lò Đông Triều Kỳ Anh La Gi Long Mỹ Phú Mỹ Phú Thọ Quảng Yên Sông Cầu Sơn Tây Tân Châu
Class-4	An Khê Ayun Pa Ba Đồn Bình Long Buôn Hồ Chơn Thành Duy Tiên Duyên Hải Điện Bàn Đức Phổ Đông Hòa Giá Rai Hòa Thành Hoài Nhơn Hoàng Mai Hồng Lĩnh Hương Thủy Hương Trà Kiến Tường Kinh Môn Mường Lay Mỹ Hào Ngã Năm Nghi Sơn Nghĩa Lộ Ninh Hòa Phước Long Quảng Trị Quế Võ Sa Pa Thái Hòa Thuận Thành Tịnh Biên Trảng Bàng Việt Yên Vĩnh Châu