1788–89 United States House of Representatives elections

House elections for the 1st U.S. Congress

1788–89 United States House of Representatives elections

November 24, 1788 – March 5, 1789[a] 1790 & 1791 →
All 59 seats in the United States House of Representatives[a] 30 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Frederick Muhlenberg James Madison Party Pro-Administration Anti-Administration Leader's seat Pennsylvania at-large Virginia 5th Seats won 37[b] 28[b]
Results:[b]      Pro-Administration gain      Anti-Administration gain      Undistricted
Speaker before election None (This was the first U.S. House of Representatives election) Elected Speaker Frederick Muhlenberg Pro-Administration

The 1788–89 United States House of Representatives elections were the first U.S. House of Representatives elections following the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. Each state set its own date for its congressional elections, ranging from November 24, 1788, to March 5, 1789, before or after the first session of the 1st United States Congress convened on March 4, 1789. They coincided with the election of George Washington as the first president of the United States.

With the new form of government needing to be operational prior to the completion of the first national census, Article I, Section 1, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution set a temporary apportionment of seats. Among the original 13 states, 11 of them ratified the Constitution and elected 59 total representatives. North Carolina and Rhode Island did not ratify the Constitution until after the 1st Congress began, and consequently did not elect their representatives until 1790.

Actual political parties did not yet exist, but new members of Congress were informally categorized as either "pro-Administration" (i.e., pro-Washington and pro-Hamilton) or "anti-Administration".

The first session of the first House of Representatives came to order in Federal Hall, New York City on March 4, 1789, with only thirteen members present. The requisite quorum (thirty members out of fifty-nine) was not present until April 1, 1789. The first order of business was the election of a Speaker of the House. On the first ballot, Frederick Muhlenberg was elected Speaker by a majority of votes. The business of the first session was largely devoted to legislative procedure rather than policy.

Election summaries

Article I, Section 1, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution set a temporary congressional apportionment until the first national census was completed in 1790.

In the 18th and much of the 19th century, each state set its own date for elections. In many years, elections were even held after the legal start of the Congress, although typically before the start of the first session. In the elections for the 1st Congress, five states held elections in 1788, electing a total of 29 Representatives, and six held elections in 1789, electing a total of 30 Representatives. Two states, North Carolina and Rhode Island, did not ratify the Constitution until November 21, 1789 and May 29, 1790 respectively, well after the Congress had met for the first time, and, consequently, elected representatives late, in 1790, leaving North Carolina unrepresented in the 1st session and Rhode Island in the 1st and 2nd sessions of a total of 3 sessions.

State	Type	Date ↑	Total seats	Anti- Administration	Pro- Administration
General elections
South Carolina	Districts	November 24–25, 1788	5	3	2
Pennsylvania	At-large	November 26, 1788	8	2	6
New Hampshire	At-large	December 15, 1788[c]	3	1	2
Massachusetts	Districts	December 18, 1788[d]	8	2	6
Connecticut	At-large	December 22, 1788	5	0	5
Delaware	At-large	January 7, 1789	1	0	1
Maryland	At-large / Districts[e]	January 7–11, 1789	6	4	2
Virginia	Districts	February 2, 1789	10	7	3
Georgia	At-large / Districts[f]	February 9, 1789	3	3	0
New Jersey	At-large	February 11, 1789	4	0	4
New York	Districts	March 3–5, 1789	6	3	3
Late elections
North Carolina	Districts	February 1790	5	2	3
Rhode Island	At-large	August 31, 1790	1	0	1
Total[b]			65	27 41.5%	38 58.5%

House seats Pro-Admin   56.92% Anti-Admin   43.08%

House composition

Beginning of the 1st Congress

	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A
A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A
A	A	A	A	A	A	P	P	P	P
Majority →									P
P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P

End of the 1st Congress (1791)

Six seats were filled late because North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified the Constitution late. One pro-Administration representative resigned and the seat remained open at the end of the Congress.

A	A
A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A
A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A
A	A	A	A	A	A	V	P	P	P
Majority →									P
P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
P	P

Key:	A = Anti-Administration P = Pro-Administration V = Vacant

Special election

This was the first special election to the United States House of Representatives.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
New Hampshire at-large	Benjamin West	Pro-Administration	1788/89	Member-elect (see below) chose not to serve. New member elected June 22, 1789. Pro-Administration hold.	▌Y Abiel Foster (Pro-Administration) 1,804 votes 58.3% ▌John Samuel Sherburne (Anti-Administration) 538 votes 17.4% ▌James Sheate[g] 190 votes 6.1% ▌Elisha Payne [g] 139 votes 4.5% ▌Joshua Atherton[g] 112 votes 3.6% ▌Nathaniel Peabody[g] 86 votes 2.9% ▌Simeon Olcott (Pro-Administration) 76 votes 2.5%[1]

Connecticut

District	Result	Candidates
Connecticut at-large 5 seats on a general ticket	Pro-Administration win	▌Y Benjamin Huntington[h] (Pro-Administration) ▌Y Roger Sherman (Pro-Administration) ▌Y Jonathan Sturges (Pro-Administration) ▌Y Jonathan Trumbull Jr. (Pro-Administration) ▌Y Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Administration) ▌John Chester ▌Jesse Root ▌Jedediah Strong ▌Erastus Wolcott ▌James Hillhouse (Pro-Administration) ▌John Treadwell ▌Stephen Mix Mitchell (Pro-Administration)
	Pro-Administration win
	Pro-Administration win
	Pro-Administration win
	Pro-Administration win

Delaware

Delaware had a single representative. The election was held January 7, 1789.^[2] Under the law at the time, each voter cast two votes for representative, at least one of whom had to be from a different county.^[2]

District	Result	Candidates
Delaware at-large	Pro-Administration win.	▌Y John Vining (Pro-Administration) 898 votes (43.6%) ▌Rhoads Shankland (Anti-Administration) 491 votes (23.9%) ▌Gunning Bedford Jr. 308 votes (15.0%) ▌Joshua Clayton (Pro-Administration) 272 votes (13.2%) ▌Allen MacLean 90 votes (4.4%)[2]

Georgia

Georgia had a mixed at-large/district system for the 1st Congress. Representatives were elected at-large, but for three district-based seats.

District	Result	Candidates
Georgia 1 "Lower district"	Anti-Administration win	▌Y James Jackson (Anti-Administration) 50.9% ▌William Houstoun 33.6% ▌Henry Osborne 14.5% ▌James Seagrove 0.6% ▌Others 0.4%
Georgia 2 "Middle district"	Anti-Administration win	▌Y Abraham Baldwin (Anti-Administration) 69.0% ▌Henry Osborne 15.2% ▌Joseph Sumner 10.4% ▌Isaac Briggs 2.7% ▌William Houstoun 1.5% ▌James Jackson 0.6% ▌Others 0.5%
Georgia 3 "Upper district"	Anti-Administration win	▌Y George Mathews (Anti-Administration) 96.5% ▌Henry Osborne 2.0% ▌Anthony Wayne 0.7% ▌Joseph Sumner 0.4% ▌Others 0.7%

Maryland

Maryland had a mixed district/at-large system similar to Georgia's. Under Maryland law, "candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district."^[3]

District	Result	Candidates
Maryland 1	Anti-Administration win	▌Y Michael J. Stone (Anti-Administration) 65.4% ▌George Dent (Pro-Administration) 34.6%
Maryland 2	Anti-Administration win	▌Y Joshua Seney (Anti-Administration) 100%
Maryland 3	Anti-Administration win	▌Y Benjamin Contee (Anti-Administration) 70.1% ▌John F. Mercer (Anti-Administration) 29.9%
Maryland 4	Anti-Administration win	▌Y William Smith (Anti-Administration) 69.1% ▌Samuel Sterett (Anti-Administration) 30.9%
Maryland 5	Pro-Administration win	▌Y George Gale (Pro-Administration) 70.7% ▌John Done 23.8% ▌William V. Murray (Pro-Administration) 5.5%
Maryland 6	Pro-Administration win	▌Y Daniel Carroll (Pro-Administration) 74.8% ▌Abraham Faw 25.2%

Massachusetts

Massachusetts House Elections, December 18, 1788 – May 11, 1789

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Pro-Administration	6 elected	6,232	54.4
	Anti-Administration	2 elected	5,228	45.6

Massachusetts required a majority vote, necessitating additional votes if no one won a majority. This was necessary in 4 of the districts.

In the fourth district, The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections: 1788-1790. Vol. I. p. 603.

In the fifth district,

The only problem was whether Partridge could retain his post of sheriff of Plymouth County and accept a seat in Congress, as he had done in 1779-1782 and 1783-1785. He received a certificate from Governor Hancock on 10 January notifying him of his election. Partridge wrote three letters to the Governor. In the first, which he apparently did not send, he refused the appointment. He accepted in the two following letters but explained that he would not take the seat if he had to give up his post as sheriff (12, 20 January, 23 February). The issue of whether or not a state officeholder could retain a state post and still serve in Congress had been and would be raised in other states. On 12 February Governor Hancock asked his Council for advice about Partridge and about George Leonard, judge of probate in Bristol County, who had been elected to Congress from the Bristol-Dukes-Nantucket District. The Council replied in writing the same day that it was 'inexpedient' for a man to hold the office of judge of probate and a seat in Congress, but that it did not find anything in the state constitution which prevented a sheriff from also being a member of Congress. The Council advised, however, that it would be inexpedient to introduce the practice of sheriffs being absent for long periods although Partridge 'may at present be indulged' and take a seat in Congress 'consistently with the safety of that county' (Council Proceedings, Thursday 12 February, M-Ar). The next day Governor Hancock sent the Council's written reply to the legislature and asked for its advice (13 February, Miscellaneous Legislative Documents, House Files, M-Ar). The two houses appointed a joint committee which wrote a report that was approved and sent to the Governor on Monday, 16 February. The legislature declared that if George Leonard continued to hold the office of judge of probate and also took a seat on Congress, any future legislature would address the Governor authorizing him and the Council to appoint another person judge of probate in Bristol County. But the legislature refused to give advice about George Partridge. It pointed out that sheriffs served during the pleasure of the governor, and (with the advice of his Council) were removable by him at any time. Sheriffs were not removable in any other way except through impeachment by the House and a trial before and conviction by the Senate. Therefore the House and Senate declared that intervention by the legislature was 'neither necessary or proper; and from the conduct and advice of your Council, they see no reason to doubt the wisdom of that constitutional provision' (House and Senate Proceedings, 13, 14, 16 February).

— The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections: 1788-1790. Vol. I. pp. 575–76.

In the eighth district,

It was evident before the elections were completed in Worcester District that a candidate who did not support amendments to the Constitution had no chance of winning. The three leading candidates in the three Worcester District elections were Jonathan Grout, Timothy Paine, and Artemas Ward. Grout, a local leader during the Revolution, had voted against ratification of the Constitution and in 1788 was a member of the legislature. Paine, a prominent officeholder in the county for two decades before the Revolution, had been appointed to the Royal Council in 1774. Unlike most 'mandamus councillors,' he did not become a Loyalist. By 1788 he had regained much of his influence in the town of Worcester. Ward had been appointed commanding general of Massachusetts troops after Lexington and Concord, he remained in charge until George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in July 1775. The popular Ward resigned his commission in April 1776 and returned to state politics. The past records of these three men did not become a public issue until shortly before the third and final election.
...
AS in the two previous election, the two Worcester newspapers, with one exception, printed nothing until their last issues before the election on 2 March. The exception consisted of two items (one of which supported Timothy Paine) in the Massachusetts Spy on 19 February. Then on 26 February the Massachusetts Spy published five articles. Two of them supported Jonathan Grout, one supported Artemas Ward, one backed Timothy Paine, and the fifth did not mention any names. On the same day the American Herald published four items. One supported Grout, one opposed Paine because he had been a mandamus councillor, and the other two items urged that he be elected. The issue of Paine's appointment as a mandamus councillor by the British government in 1774 had been brought up for the first time by the Boston Independent Chronicle, 12 February, and not by the Worcester newspapers. Despite the ambivalence of the newspapers, there was a considerable increase of interest, for the vote almost doubled over the first election on 18 December 1788: from 1,886 to 3,484. Grout was elected Representative by a decisive majority. Artemas Ward, who ran a poor third in each of the three elections, finally defeated Grout in the election to the second Congress in 1791. Paine was elected to the state House of Representatives in 1789.

— The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections: 1788-1790. Vol. I. pp. 601, 676.

New Hampshire

New Hampshire law required a winning candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters (16.7% of votes). No candidate won such a majority on the first ballot, so a second ballot was held February 2, 1789.

New Jersey

The election of all four representatives was contested, but the records that explained the precise grounds on which the election was contested have been lost due to the burning of Washington in the War of 1812. It is known to have related to questions of regularity and procedure. All four representatives' elections were ruled valid.^[4]

New York

New York held elections to the 1st Congress on March 3 and 4, 1789. At the time, districts were unnumbered. They are retroactively numbered in this section.

North Carolina

North Carolina ratified the Constitution late and thus elected representatives to the 1st Congress in 1790.

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania held elections to the 1st Congress on November 26, 1788. For this first election (and again in 1792 election for the 3rd Congress), Pennsylvania chose to elect all of its representatives on a single statewide general ticket, an attempt by the pro-Administration-majority legislature to prevent anti-Administration candidates from winning seats.

Rhode Island

Rhode Island ratified the Constitution late and thus elected representatives to the 1st Congress in 1790.

South Carolina

In the 1st district, William L. Smith (Pro-Administration)'s election was contested by David Ramsay (Pro-Administration) who claimed that Smith had not been a citizen for the required 7 years at the time of his election, the House Committee on Elections ruled in Smith's favor ^[4]

Virginia

See also

• 1788–89 United States elections
  • List of United States House of Representatives elections (1789–1822)
  • 1788–89 United States Senate elections
  • 1788–89 United States presidential election
• 1st United States Congress

Notes

References

Bibliography

• "A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825". Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
• Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
• "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

External links

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)