Part of the 1949 Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons
The 1949 Texas hurricane was a tropical cyclone that crossed over from the eastern Pacific to the Atlantic, contributing to extensive flooding in Guatemala and impacting East Texas. Forming in the Pacific Ocean on September 27, the storm meandered across Central America and southern Mexico as a tropical depression. Rainfall from the developing storm helped exacerbate a flooding event over southern Guatemala that may have killed as many as 40,000 people. The storm then crossed into the Gulf of Mexico on October 1 and began to intensify. It ultimately peaked as a high-end Category 2-equivalent hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale and made landfall near Freeport, Texas, on the morning of October 4. It rapidly weakened after moving inland and dissipated several days later. Damage from the storm was moderate, although the hurricane temporarily cut off the city of Galveston from the mainland. Rice crops suffered extensive damage in Texas and Louisiana, with losses estimated at up to $10 million (equivalent to $128 million in 2023). Three fatalities are attributed to the hurricane.
The origins of the 1949 Texas hurricane are unclear due to the complex weather pattern that persisted over southern Mexico and Central America around the time of its formation. These areas were within a broad region of low air pressure between September 25–30. This low-pressure area likely stemmed at least in part from a tropical wave that moved westward from the Caribbean Sea into Central America on September 25–26, as well as the remnants of a previous hurricane. The Atlantic hurricane database[c] originally indicated that the tropical cyclone formed over the eastern Pacific on September 27. A review of the data conducted by the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) in 2014 determined that there was insufficient evidence from weather observations to dispute such an origin, but noted that the available weather observations in the region did not report the higher winds or stronger pressure gradients typically associated with tropical cyclones.[4] The database first lists the storm as a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC on September 27 just south of the border between Guatemala and El Salvador.[5] The nascent tropical cyclone moved generally northward across Guatemala and southern Mexico over the next few days.[4][5] Weather observations provided increasingly clearer evidence of the consolidated area of low-pressure associated with the tropical cyclone on September 29–30. The center of the broad and slow-moving cyclone tracked into the Bay of Campeche near Ciudad del Carmen by 06:00 UTC on October 1.[4][6] Data from a nearby coastal weather station suggested that the cyclone had strengthened into a tropical storm around the time it re-emerged over water.[4] It is relatively rare for a tropical cyclone to cross from the Pacific into the Atlantic, or vice versa; as of June 2020[update], only five storms have crossed from the eastern Pacific into the Atlantic since 1842, including the 1949 storm.[7]
The tropical storm strengthened over the western Gulf of Mexico and reached hurricane intensity on October 2.[4][5][6] The hurricane began to turn northward towards the Texas coast the next day. While reconnaissance aircraft did not reach the center of the storm during this period, the AOML determined based on peripheral flight data that the hurricane's maximum sustained wind speeds had increased to 110 mph (175 km/h), equivalent to a high-end Category 2 hurricane on the modern Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[d][4] The hurricane made landfall just west of Freeport, Texas, in the vicinity of 28°36′N95°36′W / 28.6°N 95.6°W / 28.6; -95.6 around 05:00 UTC on October 4 (local midnight).[4][9] The lowest barometric pressure observed by a land-based weather station was 978 mbar (hPa; 28.88 inHg) just east of the center of the storm. The AOML determined based on the nearby pressure data that the hurricane was a high-end Category 2 hurricane at landfall with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) and a central pressure of 965 mbar (hPa; 28.50 inHg).[e][4] This made the storm the fourth October hurricane to impact Texas since 1851, the beginning of the official Atlantic hurricane database.[10] It later passed directly over Houston; the next storm to do so would be Hurricane Alicia in 1983.[11]: 59 The storm turned north-northeastward and weakened after landfall,[4] falling below hurricane and tropical storm intensity on October 4 over East Texas.[5] The weakening system moved across Arkansas, southeastern Missouri, and Illinois. The storm encountered colder air and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 6 before merging with a weather front over Lake Michigan the next day.[4][5]
Preparations and impact
Rainfall totals associated with the hurricane in the U.S.
Rainfall over Guatemala between September 28 and October 14 resulted in severe flooding.[12] The early stages of the hurricane contributed in part to these rains.[13]Richard Cunningham Patterson Jr., the U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala, reported that the flood was considered the worst in the Guatemala's history.[12] The flooding primarily occurred along the southern part of the country.[13] Considerable flooding occurred along the Coyolate River.[14] Among the affected communities were the town of San Ana Mixtán [es] and the hamlet of El Mango (today known as Santa Marta El Mar).[15] The flood may have killed as many as 40,000 people, making it the deadliest natural disaster in the country's history.[1] Total economic losses reached US$13.6 million.[13][16]
Throughout 10 cities in Texas, 50,000 sought shelter in advance of the hurricane.[17] An estimated 28,000 residents fled to shelters; around 5,000 stayed in the Houston City Auditorium.[18]Tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued along coastal areas of Texas and Louisiana.[19]Pioneer Airlines removed its aircraft from Houston, while small watercraft were kept safe in port.[20] Schools in Corpus Christi closed by October 3, as well as businesses in the threatened area.[21]
The hurricane produced gusts of 135 mph (217 km/h) just west of Freeport, accompanied by an air pressure of 28.88 inches of mercury (978 hPa) and tides of 11.4 ft (3.5 m) above normal.[22] Precipitation from the storm was heavy, peaking at 14.5 in (370 mm) at Goodrich.[6] Rainfall extended eastward into Louisiana, amounting to 6.81 in (173 mm) at Shreveport, Louisiana.[23] More rainfall was recorded in Shreveport during October 4–6 than any prior 48-hour period in October on record in the city.[24] The heavy rains damaged crops and caused generally minor flooding along streams flowing towards the western Gulf of Mexico.[25] Urban areas sustained generally light damage. In Houston, the winds shattered some store windows and distributed debris.[26] Galveston was temporarily cut off from the mainland during the hurricane when water surpassed the city's seawall.[23] A fishing pier was destroyed and warehouses or buildings outside the protection of the seawall were damaged or washed away by the high surf.[9] The hurricane spawned a minor tornado which struck the community of Riceville, injuring two children.[23] Nearly all piers and buildings along the waterfront between Texas City and La Porte were damaged by the storm surge and high winds.[9] Freeport reportedly suffered the worst damage, costing approximately $150,000.[27]
A pier at Port Aransas was largely destroyed at a cost of $10,000. The hurricane caused extensive damage to rice, cotton, and vegetable crops in the region.[28] The rice and cotton crop in western Louisiana were badly affected, with around 10 percent of unharvested rice and 25 percent of unpicked cotton damaged.[24] The damage rendered around half of recovered rice seeds unusable for replanting.[9] An estimate several days after the storm placed the total quantity of rice damaged at 500,000 bushels, totaling $10 million in monetary losses.[29] However, Zoch (1949) reported that total damage from the storm was $6.7 million.[6] Following the storm, thousands of automobiles in six states were affected by widespread peeling and blistering paint. The blisters, usually concentrated on the hoods, fenders and tops of vehicles, contained a small amount of water, and peeling paint was also reported on one Shreveport home. Most of the cars damaged were parked outside, and sheltered automobiles were unaffected. Although total damage from the phenomenon may have reached thousands of dollars, experts were unable to identify its cause immediately following the storm.[30] Two deaths were attributed to the storm in Texas: a resident of Port Neches who was electrocuted, and a young woman who drowned in Matagorda Bay.[23]
Winds up to 35 mph (56 km/h) and heavy rains accompanied the storm in southern Arkansas and northwestern Mississippi. One person was killed in Magnolia, Arkansas, after strong winds toppled an oil derrick.[31] The hurricane added to a period of heavy rainfall in Arkansas, damaging rice and cotton crops; a four-day rainfall total of 9.01 in (229 mm) was recorded in Clinton.[32] The extratropical remnants of the hurricane brought rains into the Midwestern United States. Rainfall accumulations reached 1–3 in (25–76 mm) across Illinois on October 5–6, with the heaviest rains falling in the southern part of the state.[33]
^Three deaths were directly attributed to the storm. However, the storm contributed to flooding in Guatemala that may have killed as many as 40,000 people.[1]
^HURricane DATa (HURDAT) is the official track database for tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean and contains information on the positions and intensities of storms dating back to 1851.[2][3]
^The Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale was developed in the 1970s.[8]
^The Atlantic hurricane database originally listed the storm as being a Category 4 hurricane at landfall.[4]
References
^ abGuerra, Alex; Andrée Liere, Marie; Yax, Pablo; Alfaro, German; Sergio, Gil; Blacutt, Luis (September 2017). "Gestión de riesgo de inundaciones en el río Coyolate: ejemplo de adaptación al cambio climático en Guatemala" [Flood risk management in the Coyolate River: example of adaptation to climate change in Guatemala]. Revista Mesoamericana de Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático. 2 (3). es. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
^"Tropical Cyclone Activity" (PDF) (Technical Documentation). Environmental Protection Agency. August 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
^"Tropical Cyclone History for Southeast South Carolina and Northern Portions of Southeast Georgia". National Weather Service Charleston, South Carolina. North Charleston, South Carolina: National Weather Service. January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
^Roach, John (June 5, 2020). "Why Cristobal is a rare 'crossover' storm". AccuWeather. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
^"Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale". National Park Service. June 4, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
^ abcd"Severe Storms For October 1949". Monthly Weather Review. 77 (10): 297–299. October 1949. Bibcode:1949MWRv...77..297.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1949)077<0297:SSFO>2.0.CO;2.
^"Detailed List of Continental United States Hurricane Impacts/Landfalls, 1851-1970, 1983-2022". Hurricane Research Division. Miami, Florida: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. April 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
^Norcross, Bryan (2007). Hurricane Almanac: The Essential Guide to Storms Past, Present, and Future. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37152-4. Retrieved February 2, 2024 – via Google Books.
^ abRichard Cunningham Patterson, Jr. (October 27, 1949). "Guatemala Flood Disaster". Letter to Harry S. Truman. United States Department of State. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
^ abc"Investigación de Historia de Desastres". Estudio del Establecimiento de los Mapas Basicos y Mapas de Amenaza Para el Sistema de Informacion Geograpfica de la Republica de Guatemala (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Kokusai Kogyo. November 2003. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
^Yax López, Pablo Yax; Aráoz, Ezequiel; Corrales Roa, Elcy; Blacutt, Luis (2016). "Análisis y caracterización de eventos de inundación (1949, 1998 y 2005) y el cauce del río Coyolate" [Analysis and characterization of flood events (1949, 1998 and 2005) and the Coyolate River basin] (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Privado de Investigación sobre Cambio Climático.
^Yax López, Pablo Yax; Aráoz, Ezequiel; Corrales Roa, Elcy; Blacutt, Luis; Espinoza, Francisco (October 2021). "Caracterización y análisis de las principales inundaciones en la parte baja de la cuenca del río Coyolate, años 1949, 1998 y 2005" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Privado de Investigación sobre Cambio Climático. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
^Informe de Pérdidas y Daños por Efectos del Cambio Climático en Guatemala (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. August 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
^"Hurricane Drives 50,000 From Homes". The Sydney Morning Herald. October 5, 1949. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^"Gulf Hurricane Dies Out After Hitting Crops". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 5, 1949. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^"Hurricane Heading for Texas Coast". Miami News. October 3, 1949. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^"Hurricane Smashes Into Texas Coast". The Palm Beach Post. October 4, 1949. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^"Hurricane Moves in on Texas Coast". Spokane Daily Chronicle. October 3, 1949. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^David Roth. "Texas Hurricane History" (PDF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^ abcd"Hurricane Kills 2, Then Losses Force". The Pittsburgh Press. October 4, 1949. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^ abLichtblau, Stepehen (October 1949). "Louisiana" (PDF). Climatological Data. 65 (10). New Orleans, Louisiana: U.S. Weather Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
^"River Stages and Floods for October 1949". Monthly Weather Review. 77 (10): 290–291. October 1949. Bibcode:1949MWRv...77..290.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1949)077<0290:RSAFFO>2.0.CO;2.
^"Hurricane Blasts Rich Texas Crops". Spokane Daily Chronicle. October 4, 1949. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^"Two Are Killed In Texas Storm". Toledo Blade. October 5, 1949. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^"Hurricane Fizzling Out After Blasting Texas". The Victoria Advocate. October 4, 1949. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^"Rice Crop Damaged". The Pittsburgh Press. October 9, 1949. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
^"'Plague' Hits Autos in Wake of Hurricane". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 7, 1949.
^ Written at Texarkana, Arkansas. "Gulf Hurricane Slows; Magnolia Man Victim". Blytheville Courier News. Vol. 45, no. 167. Blytheville, Arkansas. Associated Press. October 6, 1949. p. 6. Retrieved February 9, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Written at Little Rock, Arkansas. "Arkansas Hopes to Dry Out". Hope Star. Hope, Arkansas. Associated Press. October 6, 1949. p. 1. Retrieved February 9, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
^"Climatology of Tropical Storm/Hurricane Remnants in Illinois". Lincoln, Illinois: National Weather Service Lincoln, IL. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
Sources
Hagen, Andrew; Strahan-Sakoskie, Donna; Luckett, Christopher (July 2012). "A Reanalysis of the 1944–53 Atlantic Hurricane Seasons—The First Decade of Aircraft Reconnaissance". Journal of Climate. 25 (13). Boston: American Meteorological Society: 4441–60. Bibcode:2012JCli...25.4441H. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00419.1.
Norcross, Bryan (2007). Hurricane Almanac: The Essential Guide to Storms Past, Present, and Future. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-37152-4. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
Zoch, Richmond T. (December 1949). "North Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances of 1949" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 77 (12). Boston: American Meteorological Society: 339–342. Bibcode:1949MWRv...77..339Z. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1949)077<0339:NAHATD>2.0.CO;2.
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
