1957 Mongolia earthquake

Earthquake in Mongolia

45°11′20″N 99°22′05″E / 45.189°N 99.368°E / 45.189; 99.368Areas affectedMongolian People's RepublicMax. intensityMMI XII (Extreme)[7]AftershocksYes, Ms  6.5[7] & M 6.8[9] Casualties30[10]

An earthquake occurred in southern Mongolia on December 4, 1957, measuring Mw 7.8–8.1 and assigned XII (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. Surface faulting was observed in the aftermath with peak vertical and horizontal scarp reaching 9 m (30 ft). Because of the extremely sparse population in the area, this event, despite its magnitude, was not catastrophic. However, 30 people died and the towns of Dzun Bogd, Bayan-leg and Baruin Bogd were completely destroyed.

Tectonic setting

As the Indian Plate collides with the Eurasian Plate, the force of the collision causes deformation.[11] A primary effect of this collision is the uplift of the Himalayas; however, deformation extends further.[12] In Mongolia, escape tectonics created a network of active faults to support the strike-slip stresses.[13] During this earthquake, two main faults sustained a rupture: the thrust Gurvan Bulag fault, and the related strike-slip Bogd fault.[14][12] The Gurvan Bulag has a slip rate of 1.05 ± 0.25 mm (0.0413 ± 0.0098 in)/yr for the vertical component, with slip rate increasing at the end of the Pleistocene epoch.[14] Paleoseismological investigation revealed that the average recurrence interval of earthquakes like the 1957 event on the fault had decreased from 50 kyr[ii] to 3-14 kyr in the late Pleistocene.[14] The Bogd fault is a large left-lateral strike-slip fault.[12] It is split into five distinct segments.[12] Slip rates vary between segments, but it is between 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in)/yr overall.[12] Recurrence intervals of 1957 type events on the Bogd fault have been calculated at around 1,000 years.[15] Other large (Mw8.0+) earthquakes had struck Mongolia in the previous half century, including the 1905 Tsetserleg, 1905 Bolnai, and 1931 Fuyun earthquakes. Some studies indicate that these earthquakes triggered each other, with the earlier ones triggering the later events.[16][17]

Earthquake

The earthquake struck southern Mongolia at 11:37:53 local time on December 4, 1957. Rupture was complex, with multiple scenarios proposed. The original hypothesis was that the earthquake occurred along the strike-slip Bogd fault and ruptured for 560 km (350 mi),[1] however, the more recently adopted conclusion is that there was a 250–300 km (160–190 mi)[15] long strike-slip rupture at a width of 20–30 km (12–19 mi) with 100 km (62 mi) of simultaneous reverse faulting in a roughly east-west direction.[14][18][19][13] Offsets from surface rupture reached up to 8.85 m (29.0 ft) of strike-slip rupture,[18] with 9 m (30 ft) vertical offsets,[15] and an average slip of 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft).[13][14] According to a study on the earthquake's surface rupture, the authors consider the rupture the "world's best preserved surface rupture of a great earthquake".[20] The average slip decreased from west to east.[12] Ruptured fault splays were observed up to 30 km (19 mi) away from the main fault trace.[13] Large aftershocks struck the epicentral region after the mainshock. Shortly after the mainshock, a Ms  6.5 event struck.[7] On April 7, 1958, another large earthquake measuring M 6.8 struck, located in the epicentral region of the mainshock.[9]

Impact

Despite attaining the maximum value on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale of XII (Extreme), the earthquake did not cause significant disruption to population centers owing to its remote and unpopulated location.[21] Dzun Bogd, Bayan-leg and Baruin Bogd, however, were destroyed.[9] Due to good weather, shepherds of these herding communities were outside, which limited the death toll to 30.[9][21] Major geological effects were also observed. Surface offsets reaching 9 m (30 ft) of both strike-slip and vertical motion were observed after the event.[18][15] Subsidence was also observed. At the Bakhar Mountains [ceb], a 15 km (9.3 mi) long and 800 m (2,600 ft) wide portion of the earth subsided due to the earthquake.[9] In the Bitüüt valley, a large landslide was triggered.[20]

See also

  • iconAsia portal
  • Earth sciences portal

Notes

  1. ^ M 7 3/4 - 8,[1] Mw  7.78-7.95,[2][3] Mw  8.1,[4] Ms  8.0,[5] Ms  8.3,[6] Ms  8.5[7]
  2. ^ kyr = thousand years

References

  1. ^ a b Ben-Menahem & Toksöz 1962, p. 1943.
  2. ^ Rizza et al. 2011, p. 918.
  3. ^ Molnar & Qidong 1984, p. 6210.
  4. ^ "M 8.1 - 153 km SW of Bayanhongor, Mongolia". United States Geological Survey. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  5. ^ Okal 1976.
  6. ^ Kanamori 1977.
  7. ^ a b c d Aptikaev & Erteleva 2019.
  8. ^ Vergnolle, Pollitz & Calais 2003.
  9. ^ a b c d e Rothé 1969.
  10. ^ Bath 1973.
  11. ^ Rizza et al. 2011, p. 898.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Rizza et al. 2011.
  13. ^ a b c d Molnar & Qidong 1984.
  14. ^ a b c d e Ritz et al. 2003.
  15. ^ a b c d Baljinnyam et al. 1993.
  16. ^ Chéry, Carretier & Ritz 2001.
  17. ^ Pollitz, Vergnolle & Calais 2003.
  18. ^ a b c Chen & Molnar 1977.
  19. ^ Ben-Menahem 1977.
  20. ^ a b Kurushin et al. 1998.
  21. ^ a b "Summary of the earthquake". United States Geological Survey. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.

Sources

  • Aptikaev, F. F.; Erteleva, O. O. (June 7, 2019). "Standing Waves in Epicentral Areas of Earthquakes". Seismic Instruments. 55 (3): 235–243. Bibcode:2019SeisI..55..235A. doi:10.3103/S0747923919030010. S2CID 195175708. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  • Baljinnyam, I.; Bayasgalan, A.; Borisov, B. A.; Cisternas, Armando; Dem'yanovich, M. G.; Ganbaatar, L.; Kochetkov, V. M.; Kurushin, R. A.; Molnar, Peter; Philip, Hervé; Vashchilov, Yu. Ya. (January 1, 1993). "Ruptures of Major Earthquakes and Active Deformation in Mongolia and Its Surroundings". Geological Society of America. Geological Society of America Memoirs. 181: 1–60. doi:10.1130/MEM181-p1. ISBN 0-8137-1181-9. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  • Bath, Markus (1973). Introduction to Seismology. the University of Michigan: Wiley. ISBN 9780470056608.
  • Ben-Menahem, Ari (December 1977). "Renormalization of the magnitude scale". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 15 (4): 315–340. Bibcode:1977PEPI...15..315B. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(77)90095-4. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  • Ben-Menahem, Ari; Toksöz, M. Nafi (May 1962). "Source-mechanism from spectra of long-period seismic surface-waves: 1. The Mongolian earthquake of December 4, 1957". Journal of Geophysical Research. 67 (5): 1943–1955. Bibcode:1962JGR....67.1943B. doi:10.1029/JZ067i005p01943. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  • Chen, Wang-Ping; Molnar, Peter (July 10, 1977). "Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in central Asia". Journal of Geophysical Research. 82 (20): 2945–2969. Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2945C. doi:10.1029/JB082i020p02945. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  • Chéry, Jean; Carretier, Sébastian; Ritz, Jean-François (December 30, 2001). "Postseismic stress transfer explains time clustering of large earthquakes in Mongolia". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 194 (1–2): 277–286. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.194..277C. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00552-0. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  • Kanamori, Hiroo (July 10, 1977). "The energy release in great earthquakes". Journal of Geophysical Research. 82 (20): 2981–2987. Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K. doi:10.1029/JB082i020p02981. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  • Kurushin, R. A.; Bayasgalan, A.; Ölziybat, M.; Enhtuvshin, B.; Molnar, Peter; Bayarsayhan, Ch.; Hudnut, Kenneth W.; Lin, Jian (July 1, 1998). The Surface Rupture of the 1957 Gobi-Altay, Mongolia, Earthquake. Geological Society of America. doi:10.1130/SPE320. ISBN 9780813723204. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  • Molnar, Peter; Qidong, Denq (July 10, 1984). "Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in central and eastern Asia". Journal of Geophysical Research. 89 (B7): 6203–6227. Bibcode:1984JGR....89.6203M. doi:10.1029/JB089iB07p06203. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  • Okal, Emile A. (September 1976). "A surface-wave investigation of the rupture mechanism of the Gobi-Altai (December 4, 1957) earthquake". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 12 (4): 319–328. Bibcode:1976PEPI...12..319O. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(76)90027-3. hdl:2060/19760012553. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  • Ritz, Jean-François; Bourlès, D.; Brown, E. T.; Carretier, Sébastian; Chéry, Jean; Entuvshin, B.; Galsan, P.; Finkel, R. C.; Hanks, T. C.; Kendrick, K. J.; Philip, H.; Raisbeck, G.; Schlupp, A.; Schwartz, D. P.; Yiou, F. (March 20, 2003). "Late Pleistocene to Holocene slip rates for the Gurvan Bulag thrust fault (Gobi-Altay, Mongolia) estimated with 10Be dates". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (B3): 2162. Bibcode:2003JGRB..108.2162R. doi:10.1029/2001JB000553.
  • Rizza, M.; Ritz, Jean-François; Braucher, R.; Vassallo, R.; Prentice, C.; Mahan, S.; McGill, S.; Chauvet, A.; Marco, S.; Todbileg, M.; Demberel, S.; Bourlès, D. (September 3, 2011). "Slip rate and slip magnitudes of past earthquakes along the Bogd left-lateral strike-slip fault (Mongolia)". Geophysical Journal International. 186 (3): 897–927. Bibcode:2011GeoJI.186..897R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05075.x.
  • Rothé, Jean Pierre (1969). The Seismicity of the earth: 1953-1965. Paris, France: UNESCO. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  • Vergnolle, Mathilde; Pollitz, Fred; Calais, Eric (October 25, 2003). "Constraints on the viscosity of the continental crust and mantle from GPS measurements and postseismic deformation models in western Mongolia". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (B10): 2502. Bibcode:2003JGRB..108.2502V. doi:10.1029/2002JB002374. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  • Pollitz, Fred; Vergnolle, Mathilde; Calais, Eric (October 25, 2003). "Fault interaction and stress triggering of twentieth century earthquakes in Mongolia". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (B10): 2503. Bibcode:2003JGRB..108.2503P. doi:10.1029/2002JB002375.

External links

  • The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.
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Earthquakes in the 1950s
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† indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year