1976 Japanese general election

General election in Japan held in 1976
1976 Japanese general election

← 1972 5 December 1976 1979 →

All 511 seats in the House of Representatives
256 seats needed for a majority
Turnout73.45% (Increase1.69pp)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Takeo Miki Tomomi Narita Yoshikatsu Takeiri
Party Liberal Democratic Socialist Kōmeitō
Leader since 4 December 1974 30 November 1968 13 February 1967
Last election 46.85%, 271 seats 21.90%, 118 seats 8.46%, 29 seats
Seats won 249 123 55
Seat change Decrease22 Increase5 Increase26
Popular vote 23,653,626 11,713,009 6,177,300
Percentage 41.78% 20.69% 10.91%
Swing Decrease5.07pp Decrease1.21pp Increase2.45pp

  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Kasuga Ikkō Kenji Miyamoto Yōhei Kōno
Party Democratic Socialist Communist New Liberal Club
Leader since 1 August 1958 June 1976
Last election 6.98%, 19 seats 10.49%, 38 seats
Seats won 29 17 17
Seat change Increase10 Decrease21 New
Popular vote 3,554,076 5,878,192 2,363,985
Percentage 6.28% 10.38% 4.2%
Swing Decrease0.70pp Decrease0.11pp New


Prime Minister before election

Takeo Miki
Liberal Democratic

Prime Minister after election

Takeo Fukuda
Liberal Democratic

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General elections were held in Japan on 5 December 1976. Voter turnout was 73.45%. This election was noted for seeing 124 newcomers win seats for the very first time, along with the defeat of some legacy candidates, signalling a generational shift in the Japanese political landscape.[1] To date, the 1976 election has been the only post-war general election triggered by an expiration of the term of the House of Representatives; all other post-war elections have been instigated by a dissolution of the House by the Cabinet.[2]

While the Liberal Democratic Party wound up, as usual, with more seats than any competing party, it lost 22 seats to finish with less than a majority, winning 249 of 511 races (47%),[3] this election continued the constant trend of the LDP's popular vote decreasing with each election which had started all the way back in the 1949 election. The 1976 election was heavily informed by the Lockheed bribery scandals and became popularly known as the Lockheed Election (ロッキード選挙, rokkīdo senkyo).[2] The incumbent Prime Minister, Takeo Miki, was seen as a reformer within his own party, and he did not obstruct the investigations into the Lockheed scandal as some of those in his party had desired. Despite this, Miki's cabinet had lukewarm approval ratings, with positive ratings across different news sources ranging from 41-47% and negative ones being lower at 12-27%. The scandal reflected poorly on the LDP and the party lost 22 seats from the last election, in the process losing its majority control over the House of Representatives for the first time since the party's founding. However, when the LDP's showing is combined with the votes cast for the spin-off New Liberal Club as well as independents who were not endorsed by the LDP but joined the party after this election, the total number of votes for conservative candidates actually saw an overall increase.[1]

The two left-wing opposition parties, the Japan Socialist Party and the Japanese Communist Party, saw noticeable setbacks. The JSP did gain seats, but it was only five, and in the process two former chairmen (Kōzō Sasaki and Seiichi Katsumata) and the incumbent vice-chairman and former chairman Saburō Eda all lost their seats. The JCP suffered far worse, losing 21 seats and falling to less than half its number of seats compared to the last election, likely due to protest votes going towards the new moderate options such as the NLC instead of the JCP. The main winners among the traditional opposition were the moderate parties. In the case of Kōmeitō, the party recovered from scandals in the 1972 general elections by distancing itself from Soka Gakkai and putting up non-Soka Gakkai adherents as candidates in the 1975 local elections as well as this election. Komeito also reinforced its image as an anti-LDP party by endorsing various leftist campaigns. On the other hand, the Democratic Socialist Party, which did see a slight decrease in popular votes, nonetheless had managed to gain ten seats in this election.[1]

Following the election, Miki resigned as LDP leader after the LDP's poor showing and Takeo Fukuda was elected the new LDP leader and prime minister.

Results

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Liberal Democratic Party23,653,62641.78249–22
Japan Socialist Party11,713,00920.69123+5
Komeitō6,177,30010.9155+26
Japanese Communist Party5,878,19210.3817–21
Democratic Socialist Party3,554,0766.2829+10
New Liberal Club2,363,9854.1817New
Other parties45,1140.080–2
Independents3,227,4635.7021+7
Total56,612,765100.00511+20
Valid votes56,612,76598.91
Invalid/blank votes623,8571.09
Total votes57,236,622100.00
Registered voters/turnout77,926,58873.45
Source: Statistics Bureau of Japan

By prefecture

Prefecture Total
seats
Seats won
LDP JSP Kōmeitō DSP JCP NLC Ind.
Aichi 22 8 5 1 4 1 3
Akita 8 4 4
Aomori 7 5 1 1
Chiba 16 8 3 2 1 2
Ehime 9 6 2 1
Fukui 4 2 1 1
Fukuoka 19 8 5 4 2
Fukushima 12 8 3 1
Gifu 9 7 1 1
Gunma 10 7 3
Hiroshima 12 6 3 1 1 1
Hokkaido 22 9 10 2 1
Hyōgo 20 8 4 4 1 1 2
Ibaraki 12 5 4 1 2
Ishikawa 6 5 1
Iwate 8 5 2 1
Kagawa 6 4 2
Kagoshima 11 8 3
Kanagawa 19 3 5 3 3 5
Kōchi 5 2 1 1 1
Kumamoto 10 6 2 1 1
Kyoto 10 2 1 2 2 2 1
Mie 9 5 2 1 1
Miyagi 9 5 2 1 1
Miyazaki 6 2 1 1 2
Nagano 13 8 4 1
Nagasaki 9 4 2 1 1 1
Nara 5 2 1 1 1
Niigata 15 7 5 1 2
Ōita 7 5 2
Okayama 10 5 3 2
Okinawa 5 2 1 1 1
Osaka 26 8 3 7 3 4 1
Saga 5 4 1
Saitama 15 7 4 2 2
Shiga 5 2 1 1 1
Shimane 5 3 2
Shizuoka 14 8 2 1 2 1
Tochigi 10 5 3 1 1
Tokushima 5 3 1 1
Tokyo 43 14 8 10 2 4 2 3
Tottori 4 2 2
Toyama 6 4 2
Wakayama 6 4 1 1
Yamagata 8 5 3
Yamaguchi 9 5 2 1 1
Yamanashi 5 4 1
Total 511 249 123 55 29 17 17 21

References

  1. ^ a b c Dixon, Karl (1977). "The 1976 General Election in Japan". Pacific Affairs. 50 (2): 208–230. doi:10.2307/2756299. ISSN 0030-851X. JSTOR 2756299.
  2. ^ a b "これまでの衆議院選挙" (PDF). Japan Association of Corporate Executives (Keizai Doyukai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-31. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  3. ^ 第27章 公務員・選挙 http://www.stat.go.jp/data/chouki/27.htm Archived 2015-02-15 at the Wayback Machine
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