1979 Saint Elias earthquake

Earthquake in Alaska
60°38′31″N 141°35′35″W / 60.642°N 141.593°W / 60.642; -141.593TypeThrustAreas affectedAlaska, YukonTotal damageLimited[1]Max. intensityMMI VII (Very strong)[2]Peak acceleration0.16 g[3]Aftershocks3 above Mw5.0[2] CasualtiesNone[1]

The 1979 Saint Elias earthquake occurred near noon local time on 28 February. It measured Mw 7.4–7.6. Though the maximum recorded Modified Mercalli intensity was VII (Very strong), damage was minimal and there were no casualties due to the remoteness of the faulting. The epicenter lies near the Alaskan border between the United States and Canada.

Tectonic setting

Southern Alaska lies along the eastern portion of the Aleutian Trench, where the Pacific plate subducts underneath the North American plate, though in the area near the earthquake the zone begins to transition to continental underthrusting. Most of the activity in the area occurs to the west, such as the devastating 1964 Alaska earthquake where there is a clear subduction zone. However, near the earthquake there exists a complex zone of deformation as faulting transitions from a subduction zone to nearly pure strike slip faulting. In this transition zone, the continental Yakutat block impedes subduction, but allows for shallow thrusting events such as this one. A seismic gap exists here; it last ruptured in the 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes.[4][5]

Earthquake

The earthquake struck near the border between Yukon and Alaska at around noon local time on February the 28th.[5] According to the United States Geological Survey, the surface-wave magnitude (Ms ) was 7.1,[2] however it was also reported as high as 7.7 Ms .[6] The moment magnitude (Mw ) was evaluated to be 7.4–7.6.[7][8] It occurred at a shallow depth of 15.0 km (9.3 mi) which is a relatively normal depth for an area of continental underthrusting.[2]

It may have partially ruptured the Yakataga seismic gap that had previously ruptured during the large sequences of earthquakes in 1899.[9] The tectonic setting around the epicenter region is described as complex.[9] The region is the junction between the strike-slip Fairweather, Denali, Totschunda and Duke River faults in the east. Meanwhile, to the west, subduction is ongoing at the Aleutian Trench.[5]

Shallow thrust faulting as well as strike-slip faulting was responsible for the earthquake, possibly along a Décollement.[10] The source fault had an estimated dip angle of 15° to the northwest, with slip between 0.6–6 m (2 ft 0 in – 19 ft 8 in).[5][6] The earthquake accommodated around 30% of the accumulated stress build up since the 1899 events in the area.[10] There is little consensus on the main fault(s) responsible for the earthquake, but the most likely culprits are the Chugach-Saint Elias, Coal Glacier, Chaix Hills, Malaspina, or Esker Creek faults.[11][5] No foreshock sequence was observed.[6] There were surprisingly few aftershocks for an event of the size, with the largest only reaching magnitude 5.4.[2] The aftershock distribution may indicate that the Malaspina fault was involved in the rupture of this event.[10] The largest aftershocks displayed a variety of focal mechanisms, with some being thrust, some being strike-slip, and others as a result of normal faulting.[5]

Tsunami and landslides

At Sitka, a 6 in (150 mm) tsunami was recorded. The tsunami measured 2 in (51 mm) in Yakutat. An erroneous entry that was included in a 1979 report stated a 30 cm (12 in) tsunami occurred. Many snow avalanches were aerially observed to the south and south-east of the epicentral region.[11] Multiple large (6-10 Mm³) rock avalanches fell from slopes near the Seward Glacier, and multiple large (3–5 km2) landslides were triggered.[12] The mainshock and aftershock distribution on land suggest the tsunami was triggered by a small and local landslide.[13]

Damage

The earthquake struck the eastern part of the Chugach Mountains, a sparsely populated region consisting of glaciers.[14] It was felt the strongest (VII on the Mercalli intensity scale[15]) at Icy Bay Lumber Camp 73 km (45 mi) away, where a logging truck bounced to its side.[16] Many people reported difficulties in standing up. Some minor damage was reported in Border City, Cape Yakataga, the Juneau area, Valdez, and Yakutat. In Canada's Yukon Province, damage occurred in Beaver Creek, Burwash Landing, Destruction Bay, and Kluane Lake Fishing Camp.[14] The shaking was widespread, with people reportedly feeling MMI III (Weak) shaking 1,200 km (750 mi) away,[16] and shaking being felt over a distance of 500,000 km2 (190,000 sq mi).[3] In Iowa, some wells reported water level fluctuations of up to 1.42 ft (0.43 m).[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Stover 1980.
  2. ^ a b c d e USGS. "M 7.1 - 113 km SE of McCarthy, Alaska". United States Geological Survey.
  3. ^ a b Stover & Von Hake 1984.
  4. ^ McCann, Pérez & Sykes 1980.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Doser 2012.
  6. ^ a b c Lahr, Hasegawa & Boatwright 1980.
  7. ^ "GCMT Search". Global Centroid Moment Tensor. GCMT. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  8. ^ Coffman, Stover. "USHIS - Stover and Coffman, Seismicity of the United States, 1568-1989". USGS. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  9. ^ a b Tape & Lomax 2022.
  10. ^ a b c Estabrook, Nábělek & Lerner-Lam 1992.
  11. ^ a b Lahr, J. C. "INTERIM REPORT ON THE ST. ELIAS, ALASKA EARTHQUAKE OF 28 FEBRUARY 1979" (PDF). USGS. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  12. ^ Bessette-Kirton & Coe 2020.
  13. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS), Global Historical Tsunami Database (Data Set), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
  14. ^ a b National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
  15. ^ International Seismological Centre. On-line Bulletin. Thatcham, United Kingdom. [Event 670396].
  16. ^ a b Brockman, Espinosa & Michael 1988.
  17. ^ Logel 1980.

Sources

  • Brockman, Stanley R.; Espinosa, A.F.; Michael, J.A. (1988). Catalog of intensities and magnitudes for earthquakes in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, 1786-1981 (PDF) (Report). United States Geological Survey. doi:10.3133/b1840. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  • Doser, Diane I. (2012). "Revisiting the 1979 St. Elias, Alaska, Aftershock Sequence and Its Regional Significance". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 102 (6): 2392–2404. Bibcode:2012BuSSA.102.2392D. doi:10.1785/0120120007.
  • Estabrook, Charles H.; Nábělek, John L.; Lerner-Lam, Arthur L. (10 May 1992). "Tectonic model of the Pacific-North American Plate Boundary in the Gulf of Alaska from broadband analysis of the 1979 St. Elias, Alaska, earthquake and its aftershocks". Journal of Geophysical Research. 97 (B5): 6587–6612. Bibcode:1992JGR....97.6587E. doi:10.1029/92JB00131. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  • Bessette-Kirton, Erin K.; Coe, Jeffrey A. (16 July 2020). "A 36-Year Record of Rock Avalanches in the Saint Elias Mountains of Alaska, With Implications for Future Hazards". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 293. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..293B. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00293.
  • Lahr, J. C.; Hasegawa, H.S.; Boatwright, John (21 Mar 1980). "Alaskan Seismic Gap Only Partially Filled by 28 February 1979 Earthquake". Science. 207 (4437): 1351–1353. Bibcode:1980Sci...207.1351L. doi:10.1126/science.207.4437.1351. S2CID 128903415.
  • Logel, John (1 October 1980). "The effects of the February 28, 1979 Alaskan earthquake on ground water levels in Iowa". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 70 (5): 1667–1668. Bibcode:1980BuSSA..70.1667L. doi:10.1785/BSSA0700051667. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  • McCann, William R.; Pérez, Omar J.; Sykes, Lynn R. (March 21, 1980). "Yakataga Gap, Alaska: Seismic History and Earthquake Potential". Science. 207 (4437): 1309–1314. Bibcode:1980Sci...207.1309M. doi:10.1126/science.207.4437.1309. S2CID 128624810. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  • Stover, C. W. (1980). "Intensities and isoseismal map for the St. Elias earthquake of February 28, 1979". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 70 (5): 1635–1649. Bibcode:1980BuSSA..70.1635S. doi:10.1785/BSSA0700051635.
  • Stover, Carl W.; Von Hake, Carl A. (1984). United States Earthquakes, 1979 (PDF) (Report). United States Geological Survey. p. 180. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  • Tape, Carl; Lomax, Anthony (2022). "Aftershock Regions of Aleutian-Alaska Megathrust Earthquakes, 1938–2021". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 127 (7). Bibcode:2022JGRB..12724336T. doi:10.1029/2022JB024336. S2CID 249857173.
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† indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths
‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year