1994 European Parliament election in Spain

1994 European Parliament election in Spain
← 1989 12 June 1994 1999 →
All 64 Spanish seats in the European Parliament
Opinion polls
Registered31,558,999 7.8%
Turnout18,664,055 (59.1%)
4.4 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Abel Matutes Fernando Morán Alonso Puerta
Party PP PSOE IU
Alliance EPP PES NI (EUL)
Leader since 18 November 1993 10 April 1987 2 March 1994
Leader's seat Spain Spain Spain
Last election 15 seats, 21.4% 27 seats, 40.2%[a] 4 seats, 6.1%
Seats won 28 22 9
Seat change 13 5 5
Popular vote 7,453,900 5,719,707 2,497,671
Percentage 40.1% 30.8% 13.4%
Swing 18.7 pp 9.4 pp 7.3 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Carles Gasòliba Josu Jon Imaz Carlos Garaikoetxea
Party CiU CN PEP
Alliance ELDR
EPP 		EPP
ERA 		RBW
Leader since 1 January 1986 27 February 1994 29 April 1987
Leader's seat Spain Spain Spain (lost)
Last election 2 seats, 4.5%[b] 1 seat, 2.6%[c] 1 seat, 1.6%[d]
Seats won 3 2 0
Seat change 1 1 1
Popular vote 865,913 518,532 239,339
Percentage 4.7% 2.8% 1.3%
Swing 0.2 pp 0.2 pp 0.1 pp
Winner strength by province
Winner strength by autonomous community

The 1994 European Parliament election in Spain was held on Sunday, 12 June 1994, as part of the EU-wide election to elect the 4th European Parliament. All 64 seats allocated to Spain as per the 1993 Council Decision amending the Direct Elections Act were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with a regional election in Andalusia.

The election was held against the backdrop of the early 1990s recession and a string of corruption scandals affecting the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) of Prime Minister Felipe González. The most recent involved former Civil Guard director Luis Roldán, who had fled the country in early 1994 when it was discovered that he had used his office to amass a fortune through fraudulent means, resulting in the resignation of interior minister Antoni Asunción in the month leading to the election. The People's Party (PP) won in a landslide victory, the first PP win over the PSOE in a nationwide election.[1]

Electoral system

64 members of the European Parliament were allocated to Spain as per the 1993 Council Decision amending the Direct Elections Act. Voting was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals and resident non-national European citizens over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[2][3]

All seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with no electoral threshold being applied in order to be entitled to enter seat distribution. Seats were allocated to a single multi-member constituency comprising the entire national territory.[2] The use of the D'Hondt method might result in an effective threshold depending on the district magnitude.[4]

Outgoing delegation

Outgoing delegation in May 1994[5]
Groups Parties MEPs
Seats Total
Party of European Socialists PSOE 28 28
European People's Party PP 16 17
UDC 1
Liberal and Democratic Reformist Group CDS 3 5
CDC 1
Foro 1
Rainbow Group ERC 1 3
PA 1
CG 1
European Democratic Alliance ARM 2 2
Non-Inscrits IU 3 5
IC 1
HB 1

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call. In order to be entitled to run, parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least 15,000 registered electors; this requirement could be lifted and replaced through the signature of at least 50 elected officials—deputies, senators, MEPs or members from the legislative assemblies of autonomous communities or from local city councils. Electors and elected officials were disallowed from signing for more than one list of candidates.[2]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Ref.
Votes (%) Seats
PSOE Fernando Morán Social democracy 40.22%[a] 27 [6]
[7]
PP
List
 Abel Matutes Conservatism
Christian democracy 		21.41% 15 [8]
Foro–CDS
List
  • Forum (Foro)
  • Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)
Eduard Punset Centrism
Liberalism 		7.15% 5 [9]
IU
List
 Alonso Puerta Socialism
Communism 		6.06% 4 [10]
CiU Carles Gasòliba Catalan nationalism
Centrism 		4.54%[b] 2
Ruiz-Mateos
List
 José María Ruiz-Mateos Right-wing populism 3.84% 2
CN Josu Jon Imaz Peripheral nationalism
Regionalism 		2.61%[c] 1 [11]
PA–PAP Diego de los Santos Andalusian nationalism
Social democracy 		1.86% 1
HB Karmelo Landa Basque independence
Abertzale left
Revolutionary socialism 		1.70% 1
PEP Carlos Garaikoetxea Left-wing nationalism 1.43%[d] 1 [12]

Opinion polls

The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font.

Color key:

  Exit poll

Polling firm/Commissioner Fieldwork date Sample size Turnout PSOE PP CDS IU CiU CN CA HB PEP Lead
1994 EP election 12 Jun 1994 — 59.1 30.8
22 		40.1
28 		1.0
0 		13.4
9 		4.7
3 		2.8
2 		0.8
0 		1.0
0 		1.3
0 		9.3
Demoscopia/Tele 5[p 1] 12 Jun 1994 ? ? ?
21/22 		?
26/28 		– ?
9/10 		?
3 		?
2 		– ?
0 		?
1 		?
Vox Pública/Antena 3[p 1] 12 Jun 1994 ? ? ?
21 		?
27 		– ?
10 		?
3 		?
2 		– ?
0 		?
1 		?
Eco Consulting/RTVE[p 1] 12 Jun 1994 ? ? 30.1
21/23 		38.1
26/28 		0.8
0 		14.0
9/11 		4.9
3 		2.8
1/2 		0.8
0 		1.1
0/1 		1.5
0/1 		8.0
ICP–Research/Diario 16[p 1][p 2] 5 Jun 1994 2,000 ? 30.3
21/24 		32.1
22/25 		1.3
0/1 		15.1
10/12 		4.7
3/4 		3.1
1/2 		1.0
0/1 		1.1
0/1 		2.0
1 		1.8
Gallup/Avui[p 1] 5 Jun 1994 2,001 ? 31.9
22/23 		36.3
26 		1.0
0 		14.6
10 		5.6
3/4 		3.1
1/2 		0.6
0 		0.9
0 		1.0
0 		4.4
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[p 1] 4 Jun 1994 3,000 ? 30.2
21/22 		39.8
27/28 		0.7
0 		15.0
10 		4.7
3 		?
1 		– – ?
0/1 		9.6
Sigma Dos–Vox Pública/Antena 3[p 3] 3–4 Jun 1994 ? ? 30.6 40.2 – 13.7 – – – – – 9.6
Vox Pública/El Periódico[p 1][p 4] 31 May–2 Jun 1994 1,303 61.8 30.5
22/23 		40.7
29 		1.3
0/1 		15.2
10 		4.1
2 		2.5
1 		– – 1.1
0/1 		10.2
CIS[p 5][p 6] 27 May–2 Jun 1994 4,073 72.7 32.5 37.5 1.0 14.1 5.1 2.8 – 0.9 1.6 5.0
Opina/La Vanguardia[p 7] 30 May–1 Jun 1994 2,000 ? 34.0
21/24 		39.0
25/27 		1.0
0/1 		14.0
9/11 		5.0
3/4 		1.5
1 		– 0.5
0 		1.0
0/1 		5.0
Demoscopia/El País[p 1][p 8][p 9][p 10] 29–31 May 1994 2,500 63–68 31.0
21/23 		37.3
26/28 		1.3
0 		13.5
9/10 		5.0
2/3 		2.8
1/2 		0.9
0 		1.0
0 		1.9
1 		6.3
Gruppo/ABC[p 11] 28–30 May 1994 2,000 59.1 31.1
21/23 		39.2
27/28 		0.7
0 		14.4
10 		5.0
3 		1.8
1 		?
0 		– ?
0/1 		8.1
CIS[p 1][p 12] 21–26 May 1994 2,501 ? 33.2 36.4 – 16.0 5.1 1.7 – – – 3.2
CIS[p 1][p 13] 12–16 May 1994 2,499 ? 34.3 36.0 – 13.9 3.9 1.2 – – – 1.7
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[p 14] 14 May 1994 ? ? 32.8
23/24 		37.6
27 		– 13.5
9 		4.9
? 		2.3
? 		– – – 4.8
Gruppo/ABC[p 15] 7–10 May 1994 2,000 57.1 31.7
22 		38.5
26/27 		0.8
0 		14.0
9/10 		4.7
3 		2.2
1 		?
0/1 		– ?
0/1 		6.8
Opina/La Vanguardia[p 16] 8–11 Apr 1994 2,000 ? 36.0
22/26 		38.0
24/27 		1.0
0/1 		12.0
6/8 		5.0
3 		1.5
1/2 		– 0.5
0 		0.5
0 		2.0
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[p 17] 23–24 Mar 1994 1,000 ? 34.4
23/25 		37.7
26/28 		?
0 		11.2
7/8 		4.5
3 		2.9
2 		1.4
1 		?
0 		– 3.3
Gallup/ABC[p 18] 10 Jan–28 Feb 1994 4,010 68.7 32.4
22 		39.1
27 		– 10.8
7 		5.3
3 		1.8[i]
1 		– – – 6.7
Gallup/ABC[p 19] 19–29 Dec 1993 1,008 70.0 33.8
23 		38.6
26 		– 10.4
7 		5.1
3 		1.6[i]
1 		– – – 4.8
1989 EP election 15 Jun 1989 — 54.7 39.6
27 		21.4
15 		7.1
5 		6.1
4 		4.2
2 		1.9
1 		1.9
1 		1.7
1 		1.5
1 		18.2
  1. ^ a b Data for Basque Nationalist Party.

Results

Overall

← Summary of the 12 June 1994 European Parliament election results in Spain →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 7,453,900 40.12 +18.71 28 +13
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 5,719,707 30.79 –9.43 22 –5
United Left (IU) 2,497,671 13.44 +7.38 9 +5
Convergence and Union (CiU)2 865,913 4.66 +0.12 3 +1
Nationalist Coalition (CN)3 518,532 2.79 +0.18 2 +1
For the Europe of the Peoples (PEP)4 239,339 1.29 –0.14 0 –1
Forum–Democratic and Social Centre (Foro–CDS) 183,418 0.99 –6.16 0 –5
Popular Unity (HB) 180,324 0.97 –0.73 0 –1
Andalusian Coalition–Andalusian Power (PA–PAP)5 140,445 0.76 –1.10 0 –1
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 139,221 0.75 +0.46 0 ±0
Green Group (GV) 109,567 0.59 New 0 ±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos) 82,410 0.44 –3.40 0 –2
The Greens–Ecologist Confederation of Catalonia (EV–CEC)6 42,237 0.23 –0.07 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 29,692 0.16 –0.34 0 ±0
Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition (CPNT) 29,025 0.16 New 0 ±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) 16,144 0.09 New 0 ±0
Asturianist Party (PAS)7 14,846 0.08 +0.05 0 ±0
United Extremadura (EU)8 13,580 0.07 ±0.00 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 11,733 0.06 –0.09 0 ±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 10,019 0.05 New 0 ±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 7,845 0.04 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 7,499 0.04 –0.08 0 ±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)9 7,349 0.04 –0.07 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 6,197 0.03 New 0 ±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 5,602 0.03 New 0 ±0
Carlist Traditionalist Communion (CTC) 5,226 0.03 New 0 ±0
Justice and Welfare Party (JyB) 4,992 0.03 New 0 ±0
Extremaduran Regionalist Party (PREx) 4,836 0.03 New 0 ±0
National Democratic Alternative (ADN) 4,689 0.03 New 0 ±0
Carlist Party (PC) 4,640 0.02 –0.03 0 ±0
Galician Alternative (AG) 4,431 0.02 New 0 ±0
GPOR–PST (LVS) Coalition (GPOR–PST)10 3,765 0.02 –0.22 0 ±0
Lanzarote Independents Party (PIL) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
The Greens of the Region of Murcia (LVRM) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Left of the Peoples (IP)11 n/a n/a –0.81 0 –1
Blank ballots 213,621 1.15 –0.12
Total 18,578,415 64 +4
Valid votes 18,578,415 99.54 +0.56
Invalid votes 85,640 0.46 –0.56
Votes cast / turnout 18,664,055 59.14 +4.43
Abstentions 12,894,944 40.86 –4.43
Registered voters 31,558,999
Sources[13][14]
Footnotes:
  • 1 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party results are compared to the combined totals of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and Left of the Peoples in the Basque Country and Navarre in the 1989 election.
  • 2 Convergence and Union results are compared to the combined totals of Convergence and Union and Left of the Peoples in the Balearic Islands and the Valencian Community in the 1989 election.
  • 3 Nationalist Coalition (1994) results are compared to the combined totals of Nationalist Coalition (1989)—not including results in Castile and León—and Federation of Regional Parties in the Valencian Community in the 1989 election.
  • 4 For the Europe of the Peoples (1994) results are compared to For the Europe of the Peoples (1989) totals in the 1989 election, not including results in Galicia.
  • 5 Andalusian Coalition–Andalusian Power results are compared to Andalusian Party totals in the 1989 election.
  • 6 The Greens–Ecologist Confederation of Catalonia results are compared to Green Alternative–Ecologist Movement of Catalonia totals in the 1989 election.
  • 7 Asturianist Party results are compared to Left of the Peoples totals in Asturias in the 1989 election.
  • 8 United Extremadura results are compared to Federation of Regional Parties totals in Extremadura in the 1989 election.
  • 9 Coalition for a New Socialist Party results are compared to Alliance for the Republic totals in the 1989 election.
  • 10 GPOR–PST (LVS) Coalition results are compared to Workers' Socialist Party–Revolutionary Workers' Party totals in the 1989 election.
  • 11 Left of the Peoples does not include results in Asturias, Basque Country, Balearic Islands, Navarre and Valencian Community.
Popular vote
PP
 
 40.12%
PSOE
 
 30.79%
IU
 
 13.44%
CiU
 
 4.66%
CN
 
 2.79%
PEP
 
 1.29%
Others
 
 5.76%
Blank ballots
 
 1.15%
Seats
PP
 
 43.75%
PSOE
 
 34.38%
IU
 
 14.06%
CiU
 
 4.69%
CN
 
 3.13%

Distribution by European group

Summary of political group distribution in the 4th European Parliament (1994–1999)[5]
Groups Parties Seats Total %
European People's Party (EPP) 27
1
1
1 		30 46.88
Party of European Socialists (PES) 22 22 34.38
European United Left (EUL)
  • United Left (IU)
 9 9 14.06
European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR) 2 2 3.13
European Radical Alliance (ERA) 1 1 1.56
Total 64 64 100.00

Elected legislators

The following table lists the elected legislators:[15]

Elected legislators
# Name List
1 Abel Matutes Juan PP
2 Fernando Morán López PSOE
3 Celia Villalobos Talero PP
4 Francisca Sauquillo Pérez del Arco PSOE
5 Alonso José Puerta Gutiérrez IU
6 Mercedes de la Merced Monge PP
7 Enrique Barón Crespo PSOE
8 José María Gil-Robles Gil-Delgado PP
9 Miguel Arias Cañete PP
10 Ludivina García Arias PSOE
11 Antoni Gutiérrez Díaz IU
12 María Teresa Estevan Bolea PP
13 Josep Verde i Aldea PSOE
14 José Manuel García-Margallo Marfil PP
15 Ana Clara María Miranda de Lage PSOE
16 María del Carmen Fraga Estévez PP
17 Carles-Alfred Gasoliba i Bohm CiU
18 Laura González Álvarez IU
19 Luis Campoy Zueco PP
20 Pedro Aparicio Sánchez PSOE
21 Ana Isabel Palacio Vallelersundi PP
22 José María Mendiluce Pereiro PSOE
23 Carlos Robles Piquer PP
24 Manuel Medina Ortega PSOE
25 María Sornosa Martínez IU
26 Juan Manuel Fabra Vallés PP
27 Gerardo Fernández Albor PP
28 María Izquierdo Rojo PSOE
29 Fernando Fernández Martín PP
30 Josep Enrique Pons Grau PSOE
31 Josu Jon Imaz San Miguel CN
32 María Jesús Aramburu del Río IU
33 Jaime Valdivielso de Cue PP
34 Joan Coloro i Naval PSOE
35 Encarnación Redondo Jiménez PP
36 Juan Luis Colino Salamanca PSOE
37 Iñigo Méndez de Vigo Montojo PP
38 Concepcio Ferrer i Casals CiU
39 Salvador Jove Peres IU
40 Javier Areitio Toledo PP
41 Carmen Díez de Rivera Icaza PSOE
42 Joaquín Sisó Cruellas PP
43 Juan de Dios Izquierdo Collado PSOE
44 Laura Elena Esteban Martín PP
45 Jesús Cabezón Alonso PSOE
46 Carlos Carnero González IU
47 Daniel Varela Suances-Carpegna PP
48 José Gerardo Galeote Quecedo PP
49 Bárbara Duhrkop Duhrkop PSOE
50 José Ignacio Salafranca Sánchez-Neyra PP
51 Antonio González Triviño PSOE
52 Ángela del Carmen Sierra González IU
53 José Antonio Escudero López PP
54 Francisco Javier Sanz Fernández PSOE
55 Francisca Bennasar Tous PP
56 Joan María Vallvé i Ribera CiU
57 José Luis Valverde López PP
58 Manuela de Frutos Gama PSOE
59 Pedro Marset Campos IU
60 Salvador Garriga Polledo PP
61 Fernando Pérez Royo PSOE
62 Julio Añoveros Trias de Bes PP
63 Ana Terrón i Cusi PSOE
64 Isidoro Sánchez García CN

Notes

  1. ^ a b Results for PSOE (39.57%, 27 seats) and IP in the Basque Country and Navarre (0.65%, 0 seats) in the 1989 election.
  2. ^ a b Results for CiU (4.20%, 2 seats) and IP in the Balearic Islands and the Valencian Community (0.34%, 0 seats) in the 1989 election.
  3. ^ a b Results for CN, not including Castile and León (1.88%, 1 seat) and FPR in the Valencian Community (0.74%, 0 seats) in the 1989 election.
  4. ^ a b Results for PEP in the 1989 election, not including Galicia.

References

Opinion poll sources
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Sondejos". Generalitat de Catalunya (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  2. ^ "Elecciones al Parlamento Europeo de 12 de junio de 1994". Revista de Derecho Político (in Spanish). 1996.
  3. ^ "Edición del Martes 14 de Junio de 1994. Página 28". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 14 June 1994.
  4. ^ "El PP aventaja al PSOE cuando sólo faltan siete días para el 12-J". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  5. ^ "Preelectoral europeas 1994 (Estudio nº 2104. Junio 1994)". CIS (in Spanish). 2 June 1994.
  6. ^ "Estudio CIS nº 2104. Ficha técnica" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 2 June 1994.
  7. ^ "El PP aventaja al PSOE en cinco puntos". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  8. ^ "El PP gana las europeas por seis puntos y el PSOE pierde la mayoría absoluta en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  9. ^ "El PP sacará al PSOE seis puntos en las europeas". El País (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  10. ^ "La corrupción provoca un gran repliegue del voto socialista". El País (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  11. ^ "El Partido Popular mantiene una ventaja de ocho puntos sobre el PSOE en la intención de voto". ABC (in Spanish). 4 June 1994.
  12. ^ "Estudio C.I.S. nº 2.103. Ficha técnica" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 7 June 1994.
  13. ^ "Estudio C.I.S. nº 2.100. Ficha técnica" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 7 June 1994.
  14. ^ "El PP aventaja en cinco puntos al PSOE". El Mundo (in Spanish). 15 May 1994.
  15. ^ "El PP aventaja en 7 puntos al PSOE en la intención de voto para las elecciones europeas". ABC (in Spanish). 13 May 1994.
  16. ^ "El PP aventaja al PSOE para las europeas pero con casi un 50 por ciento de indecisos". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 17 April 1994.
  17. ^ "Anguita es ahora el líder político más valorado, superando a González y Aznar". El Mundo (in Spanish). 28 March 1994. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  18. ^ "El PP, con 28 escaños, sería el partido más votado hoy en las elecciones europeas". ABC (in Spanish). 13 March 1994.
  19. ^ "El PP ganaría al PSOE si se celebrasen ahora las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo". ABC (in Spanish). 13 March 1994.
Other
  1. ^ Yárnoz, Carlos (13 June 1994). "Aznar gana con claridad a González". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  2. ^ a b c "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985 (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  3. ^ "Decision amending the Act concerning the election of the representatives of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage, annexed to Council Decision 76/787/ECSC, EEC, Euratom of 20 September 1976". Council Decision No. 93/81/Euratom, ECSC, EEC of 9 February 1993. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  4. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  5. ^ a b "Parlamento Europeo: Distribución de los Eurodiputados españoles en grupos parlamentarios". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  6. ^ Díez, Anabel (7 April 1987). "Fernando Morán encabezará la candidatura del PSOE para el Parlamento Europeo". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  7. ^ Díez, Anabel (5 May 1994). "El PSOE designará hoy a Morán como cabeza de lista en las europeas". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  8. ^ González Ibañez, Juan (19 November 1993). "Abel Matutes encabezará la candidatura del PP al Parlamento Europeo". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  9. ^ EFE (29 April 1994). "Punset encabezará la coalición CDS-FORO". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  10. ^ Rivas, Javier (3 March 1994). "Alonso Puerta encabezará la lista europea de IU con el rechazo de los 'duros' del PCE". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  11. ^ Gorospe, Pedro (28 February 1994). "Ardanza pide que los vascos defiendan directamente sus intereses en la UE". El País (in Spanish). Bilbao. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  12. ^ Etxarri, Tonia (30 April 1987). "Coalición electoral". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  13. ^ "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  14. ^ "Elecciones Europeas 12 de junio de 1994". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  15. ^ Junta Electoral Central: "Acuerdo de la Junta Electoral Central de 29 de junio de 1994 por el que se procede a la proclamación de Diputados electos al Parlamento Europeo en las elecciones celebradas el 12 de junio de 1994" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (155): 21095. 30 July 1994. ISSN 0212-033X.

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