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2025 Bolivian general election

2025 Bolivian general election
← 2020 17 August 2025
19 October 2025 (runoff)		 2030 →
Turnout86.95% (first round) (Decrease 1.47pp)
Presidential election
 
Nominee Rodrigo Paz Pereira Jorge Quiroga
Party Independent Independent
Alliance PDC Libre
Running mate Edmand Lara [es] Juan Pablo Velasco
First round votes 1,717,532
32.06% 		1,430,176
26.70%
Incumbent President

Luis Arce
MAS-IPSP



Chamber of Deputies
All 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies
66 seats needed for a majority
Party Seats +/–
PDC

47
Libre

39
Unity

27 New
AP

10 New
APB Súmate

4 New
MAS-IPSP

2 −73
BIA-YUQUI

1 +1
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Chamber of Senators
All 36 seats in the Chamber of Senators
19 seats needed for a majority
Party Vote % Seats +/–
PDC

32.15 16
Libre

26.68 12
Unity

19.85 7 New
APB Súmate

6.64 1 New
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.

General elections were held in Bolivia on 17 August 2025. Voters were to elect the president and vice president of Bolivia, as well as all seats in the Chamber of Deputies and Senate. Despite being eligible, incumbent president Luis Arce did not seek reelection.

In the presidential election, since none of the candidates secured an outright victory, a second round will take place on 19 October 2025 between Senator Rodrigo Paz Pereira and former president Jorge Quiroga. The result was described as a "stunning blow" to MAS-IPSP, which had dominated the country's politics for 20 years.[1]

Background

[edit]
See also: 2024 Bolivian protests

The election was held amid a schism within the ruling Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) between incumbent president Luis Arce and former president Evo Morales. The former allies fell out following Arce's election in 2020, when Morales, who had been in exile following political unrest caused by his reelection bid in 2019, returned and tried to regain control of the party's leadership.[2] In late 2024 and early 2025, shortages of essential goods – including gasoline, diesel, basic foodstuffs and medicine – caused further dissatisfaction with the Arce government.[3][4] Evo Morales called for his supporters to boycott the vote in reaction to the state not allowing him to participate in the elections. Based in a rural compound guarded by supporters,[5] he has promised to mobilize his supporters and "give battle on the streets" if a right-wing candidate wins the election.[6] Right-wing figures like Jorge Quiroga have also promised to arrest Morales if they win, which resulted in rural coca unions like the Six Federations pledging to wage a guerrilla war in support of Morales if they attempt to do so.[7]

Right-leaning political parties formed a Unity Bloc to oppose Arce; its candidates included Samuel Doria Medina and Jorge Quiroga. Morales announced his intention to run as the candidate of the Front for Victory (FPV) despite a ban on him running again for president by the Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal.[8] The government responded by deregistering the FPV, citing its failure to meet the mandatory 3% threshold in the previous election.[9]

On 14 May 2025, President Arce announced that he would not seek a second term.[10][11] Government minister Eduardo Del Castillo was nominated by MAS in his place. On 16 May, demonstrators attempting to register Morales as a candidate clashed with police in La Paz.[12][13]

Several candidates, including Quiroga and Chi Hyun Chung, attempted to register their campaigns under minor party labels. Quiroga's Revolutionary Left Front (FRI) and Chung's Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) historically took differing ideological stances from those of their candidates.[14]

Electoral system

[edit]

For the 2025 election, around 7.9 million people are eligible to vote.[15]

Main article: Elections in Bolivia

The President of Bolivia is elected using a modified first-preference plurality system (a two-round system): a candidate is declared the winner if they receive more than 50% of the vote, or over 40% of the vote and are 10 percentage points ahead of their closest rival.[16] If neither condition is met, a run-off election is held between the two top candidates.[17]

The 130 members in the Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) are elected using a seat linkage based mixed compensatory system using two votes: 63 deputies are elected by first-preference plurality to represent single-member electoral districts, 60 are elected by closed list party-list proportional representation from party lists on a departmental basis (in districts of varying sizes corresponding to Bolivia's nine departments with a threshold of 3%).[18] The list seats in each region are awarded proportionally based on the vote for the presidential candidates, subtracting the number of single-member districts won (to provide mixed-member proportional representation). The remaining seven seats are reserved indigenous seats elected by the usos y costumbres. A voter can only vote in one of either the normal constituencies or special constituencies (coexistence).[19] Party lists are required to alternate between men and women, and in the single-member districts, men are required to run with a female alternate, and vice versa. At least 50% of the deputies from single-member districts are required to be women.

The Chamber of Senators (Cámara de Senadores) has 36 members, four from each the country's nine departments, which are also elected using closed party-lists, using the D'Hondt method.[19] The senate seats are also awarded based on the vote for president.

The election uses the same votes to elect the President (first round), the Chamber and the Senate, making it a double (triple) simultaneous vote. Voters may therefore not split their ticket between these elections, but they may vote for a candidate of a different list in the election of the Chamber as the deputies from the single-member districts are elected using separate votes.

Voting in Bolivia is compulsory for all adults over the age of 18. The voter is given a card when they have voted so that they can show proof of participation. The voter would not be able to receive their salary from the bank if they cannot show the proof of voting during three months after the election.[20] This can result in a relatively common occurrence of invalid ballots.[21] This is reflected in the percentages of blank/null votes under "would not vote" in the electoral surveys.

Candidates

[edit]
Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Presidential candidate Experience Vice Presidential candidate
AP
List
  • Third System Movement (MTS)
  • Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR)
  • Autonomist Movement for Work and Stability (MATE)
Andrónico Rodríguez
(age 36) 		President of the Chamber of Senators (2020–present)
Senator for Cochabamba (2020–present) 		Mariana Prado
LYP-ADN
List
 Pavel Aracena
(age 55) 		Engineer Victor Hugo Núñez del Prado
APB Súmate
List
 Manfred Reyes Villa
(age 70) 		Mayor of Cochabamba (1994–2000, 2021–present)
Prefect of Cochabamba (2006–2008)
Presidential candidate in 2002 and 2009 		Juan Carlos Medrano
Libre
List
 Jorge Quiroga
(age 65) 		62nd President of Bolivia (2001–2002)
36th Vice President of Bolivia (1997–2001)
Minister of Finance (1992)
Presidential candidate in 2005 and 2014 		Juan Pablo Velasco
FP
List
 Jhonny Fernández
(age 61) 		Mayor of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (1995–2002, 2021–present)
Presidential candidate in 2002 		Rosa Huanca
MAS-IPSP
List
 Eduardo Del Castillo
(age 36) 		Minister of Government (2020–2025) Milan Berna
Unidad
List
 Samuel Doria Medina
(age 66) 		Minister of Planning and Coordination (1991–1993)
Presidential candidate in 2005, 2009 and 2014 		José Luis Lupo
PDC
List
 Rodrigo Paz Pereira
(age 57) 		Senator for Tarija (2020–present)
Mayor of Tarija (2015–2020)
Deputy for Tarija (2002–2009) 		Edmand Lara

Withdrew

[edit]
Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Presidential candidate Experience Vice Presidential candidate Withdrawal date
NGP
List
  • New Patriotic Generation (NGP)
Fidel Tapia None Edgar Uriona Veizaga 26 June 2025[22]
MORENA
List
 Eva Copa
(age 38) 		Mayor of El Alto (2021–present)
President of the Chamber of Senators (2019–2020)
Senator for La Paz (2015–2020) 		Jorge Richter 28 July 2025[23]

Disqualified

[edit]

The following notable individuals have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy or have declared their interest, but have been declared ineligible by the TCP or are otherwise unable to run.

Declined

[edit]

The following notable individuals have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy, but have publicly denied interest in running:

Campaign

[edit]

The election saw the first televised debate in 20 years following a ban imposed during Evo Morales' presidency. During a debate, Samuel Doria accused Eduardo Del Castillo of linkages to drug traffickers, while the latter criticized Doria's previous electoral attempts to win the presidency. Andronico Rodríguez and Jorge Quiroga clashed over alleged involvement in extrajudicial killings.[15]

Doria pledged to cut spending,[38] seek rapprochement with the United States, insert controls on the foreign exchange rate, end fuel subsidies and resolve fuel shortages within 100 days of taking office as president, while pledging to comply with orders to arrest Evo Morales.[39] At the same time, Doria also opposed cutting anti-poverty programs.[40]

Jorge Quiroga also pledged to have Morales arrested,[41] restore relations with Israel[42] and the United States and cut spending and fuel subsidies to combat the economic crisis.[43][38] He also pledged to close the Central Bank of Bolivia, accusing it of becoming a "credit card" for the Arce administration.[43] Quiroga also praised the libertarian economic policies of Argentine president Javier Milei and proposed the establishment of a "popular property title" valued at $1,500 for every adult Bolivian, which could be used as collateral to secure loans.[42]

Both Doria and Quiroga also supported partially reversing the nationalization of firms under the Morales presidency,[41] the dismantling of inefficient state-owned companies and the entry of foreign investors in mining Bolivia's lithium reserves.[43] Andronico Rodriguez also supported cutting fuel subsidies.[44]

Rodrigo Paz also supported austerity measures and criticized MAS and its economic policies, while opposing proposals by Doria and Medina to open Bolivia's lithium mines to foreign investors and ask loans from the International Monetary Fund.[45] He also pledged to establish a "50-50 economic model" in which the central government would manage half of all public funds and leave the remainder directly to regional governments, implement blockchain technology for greater transparency, and create a currency stabilization fund that would incorporate cryptocurrency assets amid their increased use to offset high inflation.[42]

Both Paz and Quiroga supported the use of carbon bonds, with Quiroga also expressing support for the expansion of biofuel production, sustainable agriculture and reforestation, while proposing the discontinuation of collective Indigenous land titles and expansion of soy and cattle production in eastern Bolivia. Paz also pledged to crack down on illegal gold mining and tightly regulate agriculture-related fires.[46]

Following his exclusion from the election, Evo Morales warned that Bolivia would "convulse" if the vote went ahead and called Andronico Rodriguez a "traitor" for running against him. Morales later called on his supporters to cast null votes, saying that he would have won the election if the number of null ballots exceeded the share won by the top candidate.[38][47]

Andronico Rodriguez campaigned on a slogan of "Unity for All",[15] while Doria's slogan was "100 days, dammit!", which was derived from remarks he made after surviving a plane crash in 2005.[38] Del Castillo campaigned on the slogan "We Are a National Option with Authentic Ideas".[15] Paz' campaign slogan was "Capitalism for all".[45]

After losing in the first round, Doria threw his support towards Rodrigo Paz.[48]

Opinion polls

[edit]
Local regression of polls conducted for the first round

After registration of candidacies

[edit]
Polling firm Fieldwork date Sample size Blank vote Void vote Undecided
D. Medina
Unity 		Quiroga
Libre 		Paz
PDC 		Rodríguez
AP 		R. Villa
APB Súmate 		Castillo
MAS 		Fernández
FP 		Aracena
LYP-ADN 		Copa
MORENA 		Tapia
NGP
AtlasIntel[49] 11–13 Aug 1,916 18.0 22.3 7.5 11.4 4.0 8.1 2.6 3.1 – – 14.6 8.4
Ipsos CIESMORI/UNITEL[50] 2–6 Aug 2,500 21.2 20.0 8.3 5.5 7.7 1.5 2.0 0.5 0.2 – 5.2 14.6 13.3
SPIE/El Deber[51] 31 Jul – 4 Aug 2,500 23.6 24.5 9.1 8.5 8.8 1.8 2.4 0.3 0.2 – 9.9 5.7 5.1
Captura Consulting/Red Uno[52][53] 27 Jul – 3 Aug 2,500 21.6 20.0 6.4 7.2 9.7 2.0 2.0 0.7 0.4 – 5.0 10.6 14.4
SPIE/El Deber[54] 25–28 Jul 2,500 24.5 22.9 7.6 7.4 7.2 2.1 1.7 0.4 1.0 – 12.1 7.4 5.5
Ipsos CIESMORI/UNITEL[55] 25–27 Jul 2,500 21.5 19.6 4.3 6.1 8.3 2.1 1.8 0.3 0.4 – 8.1 13.6 12.4
SPIE/El Deber[56] 5–10 Jul 2,500 21.8 20.7 4.0 8.3 10.0 1.9 2.5 0.4 1.1 4.8 14.8 4.5 5.3
Ipsos CIESMORI/UNITEL[57] 5–7 Jul 2,500 18.7 18.1 3.2 11.8 8.2 2.3 2.5 0.2 0.6 2.4 8.2 12.5 11.3
Captura Consulting/Red Uno-Cadena A[58][59] 10–20 Jun 2,500 19.6 16.6 6.4 13.7 8.8 1.4 3.8 – 1.1 0.7 5.0 7.4 15.5
SPIE/El Deber[60] 7–14 Jun 2,500 24.0 22.1 5.6 14.7 9.4 1.7 2.6 0.6 1.4 0.7 9.8 4.5 3.0
Ipsos CIESMORI/UNITEL[61] 22–26 May 2,500 19.1 18.4 4.3 14.2 7.9 2.3 3.7 0.5 1.7 1.0 6.5 10.5 10.0

Before registration of candidacies

[edit]
Source Date Sample Link Morales
FPV 		Quiroga
FRI 		Reyes Villa
APB Súmate 		Rodríguez
MAS 		Doria Medina
FUN 		Chung
AMAR 		Arce
MAS 		Choquehuanca
MAS 		Cuellar
Cambio25 		Others Null Blank Undecided Lead
15 May 2025 Bolivia's United Nations delegation announces its nomination of David Choquehuanca as UN Secretary-General.[62]
14 May 2025 Bolivia constitutional court upholds ruling blocking Evo Morales' election eligibility.[63]
13 May 2025 Luis Arce withdraws his candidacy for re-election.[10]
Panterra 30 Mar 2025 5,000 [64] – 15% 11% 25% 16% 13% – – – – – 20% 9%
Captura Consulting 27 Mar 2025 1,500 [65] – 16% 13% 18% 17% 11% 1% – – 4% – 14% 1%
8 Mar 2025 Vicente Cuellar withdraws his candidacy, endorsing Doria Medina.[66]
26 Feb 2025 Luis Arce announces his candidacy pending final decision from MAS.[27]
20 Feb 2025 Evo Morales announces his intention to run for president.[67]
UAGRM 14 Feb 2025 2,200 [68] 14% 8% 15% 10% 10% 14% 2% – 1% 4% – 7% 1%
Captura Consulting 23 Jan-7 Feb – [69] 8% 19% 13% – 16% 13% 2% – – 9% – 19% 3%
Bolivia360 5–21 Jan 2025 2,000 [70] – 9% 15% 16% 8% 13% 2% – 2% 7% _ 8% 1%
Diagnosis 11–12 Jan 2025 1,800 [71] 9% 10% 15% 10% 9% 5% 7% 2% 3% 13% 5% 10% 2%
5 Jan 2025 Manfred Reyes Villa announces his candidacy.[72]

2021–2024

[edit]
Date Polling firm Morales
MAS 		Mesa
CC 		Rodríguez
MAS 		Galindo
Ind. 		Manfred
Súmate 		Arce
MAS 		Chi Hyun
Ind. 		Camacho
Creemos 		Quiroga
Libre 21 		Copa
Ind. 		Medina
UN 		Cuellar
Cambio25 		Soliz
PDC 		Claure
Ind. 		Lara
NIL 		Paz
CC 		Choquehuanca
MAS 		Undecided Lead
15 Nov 2024 Consultora Morris – 1% 25% – 35% 12% 1% 6% 14% – 2% 0.8% – – – 0.2% – – 10%
2–15 Nov 2024 Panterra 17% 6% – – 18% 4% – 9% 9% – 13% – – – – – 21% 1%
Sep 2024 Diagonsis 10% 8% 10% – 10% 16% – 4% – – 4% 9% – – – 3% 9% 6%
Jun 2024 Captura Consulting – 6% 13% 10% 13% – 6% 10% 4% – 9% 5% – – 3% – 19% 0
May 2024 Diagnosis 9% 9% 7% 5% 19% – 3% – – 2% 7% – – – – – 10% 12%
Apr 2024 Coolosa Comunicaciones 7.73% 7.52% 0.79% 5.80% 11.06% 8.79% – 1.71% 3.86% 1.25% 5.95% 10.77% 1.29% – 5.04% 2.82% – 4.22% 0.83%
16–17 Mar 2024 Diagnosis 12% 10% 7% – 2% 17% – 2% – – 4% 9% – – – – – 5%
15 Mar 2024 Captura Consulting – 8% 11% 7% 12% 16% 2% 7% – – 9% 3% – 7% – – 18% 4%
Nov 2023 Diagnosis 11% 12% – – 3% 21% – 4% – – 5% 9% – – – – 12% 9%
9–10 Sep 2023 Diagnosis 9% 11% – – 4% 18% – 4% – – 6% 9% – – – – 14% 7%
19–20 Aug 2023 Diagnosis 10% 13% 3% – 3% 14% – 2% – – 4% 6% – – – – 18% 1%
Aug 2023 Poder y Placer 11% 10% – 6% 8% 12% – 9% – 2% 9% 3% – 4% – 1% 24% 1%
8–9 Jul 2023 Diagnosis 9% 13% – – 3% 14% – 2% – – 4% 6% – – – – – 1%
22 May-22 Jun 2023 Poder y Placer 12% 13% – 10% 4% 17% – 1% 2% 8% 13% 1% – 3% 1% 2% – 4%
29 Dec 2022-19 Jan 2023 Poder y Placer 11% 19% – 2% 9% 21% – 13% – – 19% – – 13% – – 7% 2%
Jul 2022 Captura Consulting 11% 11% – – – 18% – 8% 5% 3% 3% – – – – – – 7%
9–19 Apr 2022 Captura Consulting 11% 11% – – 10% 17% – 15% 7% 5% 4% – 3% – – – 20% 2%
Dec 2021 Captura Consulting – 13% – – 12% 23% – 15% 3% – 7% – – – – – 8%

Conduct

[edit]

During the first round, voting opened at 08:00 and ran until 16:00.[73] Evo Morales cast a null vote in Chapare Province, during which he was protected from possible arrest by members of a coca growers' union who formed a human chain around him.[1]

A mob threw stones at Andrónico Rodríguez while he voted in Entre Ríos, Cochabamba,[74] prompting him to be escorted on his way to cast his vote by a soldier. He blamed the incident on "a small group of extremists identified as supporters of Morales".[75] An explosive device was also set off at the polling station where he voted, but did not cause significant damage or injuries.[76]

Results

[edit]

The preliminary proportion of null votes in the first round, estimated at about 19.4%, was significantly higher than the average in previous elections, which was below 5%.[75]

President

[edit]
CandidateRunning mateParty or allianceFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Rodrigo Paz PereiraEdmand LaraChristian Democratic Party1,717,53232.06
Jorge QuirogaJuan Pablo VelascoLibre – Freedom and Democracy1,430,17626.70
Samuel Doria MedinaJosé Luis LupoUnity Bloc1,054,56819.69
Andrónico RodríguezMariana PradoPopular Alliance456,0028.51
Manfred Reyes VillaJuan Carlos MedranoAutonomy for Bolivia – Súmate361,6406.75
Eduardo Del CastilloMilán BernaMovimiento al Socialismo169,8873.17
Jhonny FernándezRosa HuancaForce of the People89,2531.67
Pavel AracenaVíctor Hugo NúñezLiberty and Progress ADN77,5761.45
Total5,356,634100.00
Valid votes5,356,63477.63
Invalid votes1,371,04919.87
Blank votes172,8352.50
Total votes6,900,518100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,936,51586.957,936,515–
Source: OEP

Chamber

[edit]
Party or allianceProportionalConstituencyIndigenousTotal
seats
Votes%SeatsVotes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Christian Democratic Party1,683,89132.1515305,26612.59247
Libre – Liberty and Democracy1,397,22626.6817208,25419.73239
Unity Bloc1,039,42619.8516118,11919.41027
Popular Alliance439,3888.39906,63015.85110
Autonomy for Bolivia – Súmate347,5746.64402,3445.6004
Movimiento al Socialismo166,9173.19106,38215.2612
Force of the People86,1541.65001,5223.6400
Liberty and Progress ADN76,3491.46006391.5300
Indigenous Organisation of Chiquitanía2,2665.4200
Yuqui Bia Recuate Indigenous Council4120.9811
Total5,236,925100.00626141,834100.007130
Valid votes5,236,92577.7941,83450.05
Invalid votes1,325,59619.6915,87618.99
Blank votes169,3272.5225,87830.96
Total votes6,731,848100.0083,588100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,567,20788.9694,87188.11
Source: OEP, Correo del Sur

Senate

[edit]
Party or allianceVotes%Seats
Christian Democratic Party1,683,89132.1516
Libre – Liberty and Democracy1,397,22626.6812
Unity Bloc1,039,42619.857
Popular Alliance439,3888.390
Autonomy for Bolivia – Súmate347,5746.641
Movimiento al Socialismo166,9173.190
Force of the People86,1541.650
Liberty and Progress ADN76,3491.460
Total5,236,925100.0036
Valid votes5,236,92577.79
Invalid votes1,325,59619.69
Blank votes169,3272.52
Total votes6,731,848100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,567,20788.96
Source: OEP, Correo del Sur

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b DeBre, Isabel (18 August 2025). "Bolivia heads to a presidential runoff as 2 decades of left-wing dominance ends". AP News. Retrieved 18 August 2025.
  2. ^ Meakem, Allison (2 January 2025). "Elections to Watch in 2025". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 7 April 2025.
  3. ^ Flores, Paola; DeBre, Isabel (28 November 2024). "'Everything is expensive!' Bolivia faces a shocking economic collapse". AP News. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
  4. ^ Bueno, Boris (19 May 2025). "Agenda informativa: ocho organizaciones políticas inscribirán a sus binomios y a las planchas legislativas; Evo Morales también anuncia su registro". eju.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2025.
  5. ^ Safi, Michael; Rogero, Tiago; McDonagh, George; Block, Eli; Manley, Ivor; Yusuf, Courtney (15 May 2025). "From president to fugitive: in the jungle hideout of Evo Morales". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 August 2025.
  6. ^ Krukov, Mark (17 August 2025). "Fears of unrest surge as Bolivia readies for its first democratic handover in over two decades". Latin America Reports. Retrieved 24 August 2025.
  7. ^ "Bolivia's crazy kingdom of coca". The Economist. 14 August 2025. Retrieved 17 August 2025. The Six Federations is preparing to resist. María Eugenia Ledezma, its top female leader until a few months ago, says they will use guerrilla tactics against soldiers who venture into the Chapare, depriving them of sleep, then attacking with sticks and stones. She says miners have been teaching people how to make boobytraps with dynamite; sympathisers in the army have been training the young. 'Many of us, many leaders, will surely die or be imprisoned,' she says, grim-faced.
  8. ^ Bueno, Boris (15 March 2025). "Doria Medina y Tuto Quiroga aceleran la conformación de alianzas para sostener su probable candidatura por el bloque de unidad". EJU (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  9. ^ Bueno, Boris (19 May 2025). "Un Evo desesperado advierte ante la casi inminente inhabilitación de su candidatura". eju.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2025.
  10. ^ a b c "Bolivia President Arce says he will not run for re-election". ThePrint. Reuters. 14 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
  11. ^ "Presidente boliviano Luis Arce anuncia que no buscará la reelección en comicios de agosto". AP News (in Spanish). 14 May 2025. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
  12. ^ "Supporters of Bolivia's ex-leader Morales clash with police in push to secure his candidacy". CNN. 17 May 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
  13. ^ "Bolivia police teargas Morales supporters protesting electoral ban". The Straits Times. 17 May 2025. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
  14. ^ Molina, Fernando (28 April 2025). "Guerra electoral en Bolivia: partidos 'en préstamo', 13 candidatos y el resultado más incierto en 20 años". El País América (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 May 2025.
  15. ^ a b c d DeBre, Isabel; Valdez, Carlos (15 August 2025). "Bolivian voters are hungry for change — and disillusioned by the options ahead of election". AP News. Retrieved 15 August 2025.
  16. ^ "Will Bolivians give Evo Morales a fourth term?". BBC. 20 October 2019. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  17. ^ "El Tribunal Electoral define la eventual segunda vuelta para el 15 de diciembre". El Deber. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  18. ^ "Bolivia: Ley del Régimen Electoral, 30 de junio de 2010". Lexivox. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  19. ^ a b "Bolivia: Ley del Régimen Electoral, 30 de junio de 2010". Lexivox. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  20. ^ "Voting is compulsory in some countries". 20 July 2018.
  21. ^ Singh, Shane P. (January 2019). "Politically Unengaged, Distrusting, and Disaffected Individuals Drive the Link Between Compulsory Voting and Invalid Balloting". Political Science Research and Methods. 7 (1): 107–123. doi:10.1017/psrm.2017.11. S2CID 157099704.
  22. ^ Franco, Hans (25 June 2025). "Fidel Tapia renuncia a su candidatura y deja en vilo la habilitación de Nueva Generación Patriótica". Red Uno (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  23. ^ "Eva Copa se baja a poco de las elecciones". Correo del Sur. Retrieved 29 July 2025.
  24. ^ Álvarez, David (11 July 2025). "El Tribunal Supremo Electoral de Bolivia no habilitó a Jaime Dunn como candidato presidencial" (in Spanish). EFE. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
  25. ^ "Evo Morales anuncia su candidatura presidencial". dw.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 February 2025.
  26. ^ "Luis Arce será candidato del MÁS en el 2025, sí las organizaciones lo permiten" [Luis Arce will be a candidate for MÁS in 2025, if the organizations allow it]. Bolivia.com (in Spanish). 30 April 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
  27. ^ a b Villegas, Antonio (26 February 2025). "Arce rompe el silencio y se declara precandidato para los comicios presidenciales: "Hay que completar todo lo que falta por hacer"".
  28. ^ "amparo ballivián se presenta como candidata la presidencia". Brújula (in Spanish). 26 February 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
  29. ^ Pereyra, Omar (17 December 2024). "Camacho trabaja para que precandidatos dialoguen con miras a los comicios de 2025, según diputado" [Camacho is working to ensure that pre-candidates can engage in dialogue with a view to the 2025 elections, according to a deputy]. EJU (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 December 2024.
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