37th United States Congress

37th United States Congress
36th ← → 38th
United States Capitol (1861)
March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1863
Members	50 senators 183 representatives 7 non-voting delegates
Senate majority	Republican
Senate President	Hannibal Hamlin (R)
House majority	Republican
House Speaker	Galusha A. Grow (R)
Sessions
Special: March 4, 1861 – March 28, 1861 1st: July 4, 1861 – August 6, 1861 2nd: December 2, 1861 – July 17, 1862 3rd: December 1, 1862 – March 3, 1863

The 37th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1861, to March 4, 1863, during the first two years of Abraham Lincoln's presidency.^[1] The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1850 United States census.

For the first time since the party's establishment, the Republicans won the majority of both chambers, and thus full control of Congress. And with Abraham Lincoln becoming the first Republican President after being sworn in on March 4, 1861, the Republicans had their first ever overall federal government trifecta.

Major events

• March 4, 1861: Republican pluralities are seated in Senate and House, becoming governing majorities in both Houses given vacancies among Southerners. Louisiana has 2 of 4 representatives remaining. Although represented in the Confederate Congress, Missouri and Kentucky remained with full delegations in the 37th Congress.^[2][3]
• March 4, 1861: Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated President of the United States.
• April 12–14, 1861: Battle of Fort Sumter, Civil War began.
• April 19, 1861: Union blockade of the South begins at Fort Monroe, Virginia.^[4]
• April 27, 1861: President Lincoln suspends habeas corpus from Washington, D.C., to Philadelphia^[5] and called up 75,000 militia.
• May 6, 1861: Arkansas Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession.^[6][7]
• May 20, 1861: North Carolina Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession.^[8][7]
• May 23, 1861: Virginia popular referendum ratified Ordinance of Secession.^[9][7] 5 of 12 U.S. Representatives remained.^[10] Two senators from the "Restored Government of Virginia" replaced the two who withdrew.
• June 8, 1861: Tennessee popular referendum ratified Ordinance of Secession.^[11][7] 3 of 10 U.S. Representatives remain.^[10] One Senator, Andrew Johnson, remained.
• July 21, 1861: First Battle of Bull Run Union approach to Richmond is repulsed.
• September 17, 1862: Battle of Antietam rebel invasion into Maryland is repulsed.
• September 22, 1862: Emancipation Proclamation ordered, to begin January 1, 1863.
• November 1862: 1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections and 1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections: Democrats gained 31 House seats to 31% and lost 5 Senate seats to 19%.^[12]

Two special sessions

The Senate, a continuing body, was called into special session by President Buchanan, meeting from March 4 to 28, 1861.^[1] The border states and Texas were still represented. Shortly after the Senate session adjourned, Fort Sumter was attacked. The immediate results were to draw four additional states^[13] "into the confederacy with their more Southern sisters", and Lincoln called Congress into extraordinary session on July 4, 1861. The Senate confirmed calling forth troops and raising money to suppress rebellion as authorized in the Constitution.^[14]

Both Houses then duly met July 4, 1861. Seven states which would send representatives held their state elections for Representative over the months of May to June 1861.^[15] Members taking their seats had been elected before the secession crisis, during the formation of the Confederate government, and after Fort Sumter.^[10]

Once assembled with a quorum in the House, Congress approved Lincoln's war powers innovations as necessary to preserve the Union.^[16] Following the July Federal defeat at First Manassas, the Crittenden Resolution^[17] asserted the reason for "the present deplorable civil war." It was meant as an address to the nation, especially to the Border States at a time of U.S. military reverses, when the war support in border state populations was virtually the only thing keeping them in the Union.^[18]

Following resignations and expulsions occasioned by the outbreak of the Civil War, five states had some degree of dual representation in the U.S and the C.S. congresses. Congress accredited Members elected running in these five as Unionist (19), Democratic (6), Constitutional Unionist (1) and Republican (1). All ten Kentucky and all seven Missouri representatives were accepted. The other three states seated four of thirteen representatives from Virginia, three of ten Tennesseans, and two of four from Louisiana.^[2]

The Crittenden Resolution declared the civil war "… has been forced upon the country by the disunionists of the southern States…" and it would be carried out for the supremacy of the Constitution and the preservation of the Union, and, that accomplished, "the war ought to cease". Democrats seized on this document, especially its assurances of no conquest or overthrowing domestic institutions (emancipation of slaves).^[18]

Steps to emancipation - by Congress, Generals and Lincoln

Sen. Lyman Trumbull 1st Confiscation Act Gen. John C. Frémont Missouri Emancipation Sen. Orville H. Browning DC Emancipation Sen. Timothy O. Howe Army accepts Fugitives Gen. David Hunter SC-GA-FL Emancipation Sen. William Fessenden 2nd Confiscation Act

Slaves and slavery

Congressional policy and military strategy were intertwined. In the first regular March session, Republicans superseded the Crittenden Resolution, removing the prohibition against emancipation of slaves.^[18]

In South Carolina, Gen. David Hunter issued a General Order in early May 1862 freeing all slaves in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. President Lincoln quickly rescinded the order, reserving this "supposed power" to his own discretion if it were indispensable to saving the Union.^[19] Later in the same month without directly disobeying Lincoln's prohibition against emancipation, General Benjamin Butler at Fort Monroe Virginia declared slaves escaped into his lines as "contraband of war", that is, forfeit to their rebel owners.^[20] On May 24, Congress followed General Butler's lead, and passed the First Confiscation Act in August, freeing slaves used for rebellion.^[21]

In Missouri, John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican nominee for president, exceeded his authority as a General, declaring that all slaves held by rebels within his military district would be freed.^[21] Republican majorities in Congress responded on opening day of the December Session. Sen. Lyman Trumbull introduced a bill for confiscation of rebel property and emancipation for their slaves. "Acrimonious debate on confiscation proved a major preoccupation" of Congress.^[18] On March 13, 1862, Congress banned military officers from enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act under penalty of dismissal. The next month, the Congress abolished slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for loyal citizens. An additional Confiscation Act in July declared free all slaves held by citizens in rebellion, but it had no practical effect without addressing where the act would take effect, or how ownership was to be proved.^[22]

Lincoln's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation was issued September 22, 1862.^[22] It became the principal issue before the public in the mid-term elections that year for the 38th Congress. But Republican majorities in both houses held (see 'Congress as a campaign machine' below), and the Republicans actually increased their majority in the Senate.^[23]

On January 1, 1863, the war measure by executive proclamation directed the army and the navy to treat all escaped slaves as free when entering Union lines from territory still in rebellion. The measure would take effect when the escaped slave entered Union lines and loyalty of the previous owner was irrelevant.^[24] Congress passed enabling legislation to carry out the Proclamation including "Freedman's Bureau" legislation.^[25] The practical effect was a massive internal evacuation of Confederate slave labor, and augmenting Union Army teamsters, railroad crews and infantry for the duration of the Civil War.

Sen. Ben Wade OH showed army corruption Sen. Z. Chandler MI made & broke generals

Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War

Congress assumed watchdog responsibilities with this and other investigating committees.

The principle conflict between the president and congress was found in the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. Eight thick volumes of testimony were filled with investigations of Union defeats and contractor scandals.

They were highly charged with partisan opinions "vehemently expressed" by chair Benjamin Wade of Ohio, Representative George Washington Julian of Indiana, and Zachariah Chandler of Michigan.^[26]

Sen. Chandler, who had been one of McClellan's advocates promoting his spectacular rise,^[27] particularly documented criticism of McClellan's Peninsular Campaign with its circuitous maneuvering, endless entrenchment and murderous camp diseases. It led to support for his dismissal.

A congressional committee could ruin a reputation, without itself having any military expertise. It would create the modern Congressional era in which generals fought wars with Congress looking over their shoulders, "and with public opinion following closely behind."^[26]

Republican Platform goals

Republican majorities in both houses, apart from pro-union Democrats, and without vacant southern delegations, were able to enact their party platform. These included the Legal Tender Act, February 20, 1862, and increases in the tariff that amounted to protective tariffs. The Homestead Act, May 20, 1862, for government lands, and the Morrill Land Grant Act, July 2, 1862, for universities promoting practical arts in agriculture and mining, had no immediate war purpose. But they would have long range effects, as would the Pacific Railroad Act, July 1, 1862, for a transcontinental railroad.^[28]

Treasury innovations were driven by Secretary Salmon P. Chase and necessity of war. The Income Tax of 1861, numerous taxes on consumer goods such as whiskey, and a national currency all began in Civil War Congresses.^[28]

Congress as election machinery

Member's floor speeches were not meant to be persuasive, but for publication in partisan newspapers. The real audience was the constituents back home. Congressional caucuses organized and funded political campaigns, publishing pamphlet versions of speeches and circulating them by the thousands free of postage on the member's franking privilege. Party congressional committees stayed in Washington during national campaigns, keeping an open flow of subsidized literature pouring back into the home districts.^[29]

Nevertheless, like other Congresses in the 1850s and 1860s, this Congress would see less than half of its membership reelected.^[30] The characteristic turmoil found in the "3rd Party Period, 1855-1896" stirred political party realignment in the North even in the midst of civil war. In this Congress, failure to gain nomination and loss at the general election together accounted for a Membership turnover of 25%.^[31]

Major legislation

• August 5, 1861: Revenue Act of 1861, Sess. 1, ch. 45, 12 Stat. 292
• August 6, 1861: Confiscation Act of 1861, Sess. 1, ch. 60, 12 Stat. 319
• February 19, 1862: Anti-Coolie Act, Sess. 1, ch. 24, 27, 12 Stat. 340
• February 25, 1862: Legal Tender Act of 1862, Sess. 2, ch. 33, 12 Stat. 345
• April 16, 1862: District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act, Sess. 2, ch. 54, 12 Stat. 376
• May 15, 1862: An Act to Establish a Department of Agriculture, Sess. 2, ch. 72, 12 Stat. 387
• May 20, 1862: Homestead Act, Sess. 2, ch. 75, 12 Stat. 392
• May 20, 1862: Washington County Public Primary Schools Act ("An Act to provide for the Public Instruction of Youth in Primary Schools throughout the County of Washington, in the District of Columbia, without the Limits of the Cities of Washington and Georgetown"), Sess. 2, ch. 77, 12 Stat. 394
• May 21, 1862: Georgetown and Washington Cities Colored Children Education Act ("An Act providing for the Education of Colored Children in the Cities of Washington and Georgetown, District of Columbia, and for other Purposes"), Sess. 2, ch. 83, 12 Stat. 407
• June 19, 1862: An Act to secure Freedom to all persons within the Territories of the United States, Sess. 2, ch 111, 12 Stat. 432
• July 1, 1862: Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, Sess. 2, ch. 126, 12 Stat. 501
• July 1, 1862: Revenue Act of 1862, Sess. 2, ch. 119, 12 Stat. 432
• July 1, 1862: Pacific Railway Act, Sess. 2, ch. 120, 12 Stat. 489
• July 2, 1862: Morrill Land Grant Colleges Act, Sess. 2, ch. 130, 12 Stat. 503
• July 11, 1862: Georgetown and Washington Cities Colored Children Schools Act ("An Act relating to Schools for the Education of Colored Children in the Cities of Washington and Georgetown, in the District of Columbia"), Sess. 2, ch. 151, 12 Stat. 537
• July 17, 1862: Militia Act of 1862, Sess. 2, ch. 201, 12 Stat. 597
• February 25, 1863: National Bank Act, Sess. 3, ch 58, 12 Stat. 665
• March 2, 1863: False Claims Act, Sess. 3, ch. 67, 12 Stat. 696
• March 3, 1863: Enrollment Act, Sess. 3, ch. 75, 12 Stat. 731
• March 3, 1863: Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, Sess. 3, ch. 81, 12 Stat. 755
• March 3, 1863: Tenth Circuit Act, 12 Stat. 794

States admitted and territories organized

States admitted

• December 31, 1862: West Virginia admitted, Sess. 3, ch. 6, 12 Stat. 633, pending a presidential proclamation. (It became a state on June 20, 1863.)

Territories organized

• July 14, 1862: Nevada–Utah boundary line moved to the east, enlarging Nevada and reducing Utah in size, Sess. 2, ch. 12, 12 Stat. 575
• February 24, 1863: Arizona Territory organized, Sess. 3, ch. 56, 12 Stat. 664
• March 3, 1863: Idaho Territory organized, Sess. 3, ch. 117, 12 Stat. 808

States in rebellion

Congress did not accept secession. Most of the Representatives and Senators from states that attempted to secede left Congress; those who took part in the rebellion were expelled.

• Secessions declared during previous Congress: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
  • Louisiana Congressional Districts LA 1 and 2, two of its four representatives remained seated in the 37th Congress.^[32]
• Secessions declared during this Congress:
  • April 17, 1861: Virginia^[33] (The pro-Union Restored Government of Virginia's two senators were seated, along with duly elected Representatives for VA 1, 7, 10, 11 and 12, five of its 13 representatives in the House.^[32])
  • May 6, 1861: Arkansas^[34]
  • May 20, 1861: North Carolina^[35]
  • June 8, 1861: Tennessee^[36][37] (Sen. Andrew Johnson and three of the ten duly elected members of the House did not recognize secession and retained their seats in TN 2, 3 and 4.^[32])

Although secessionist factions passed resolutions of secession in Missouri October 31, 1861,^[38] and in Kentucky November 20, 1861,^[38] their state delegations in the U.S. Congress remained in place, seven from Missouri and ten from Kentucky.^[32] Exile state governments resided with Confederate armies out-of-state, army-elected congressional representatives served as a solid pro-Jefferson Davis administration voting bloc in the Confederate Congress.^[39]

Party summary

Senate

	Party (shading shows control)				Total	Vacant
	Democratic (D)	Republican (R)	Unionist (U)	Other
End of previous congress	25	26	0	2[a]	53	15
Begin	22	29	1	0	52	16
End	11	30	7		48	20
Final voting share	22.9%	62.5%	14.6%	0.0%
Beginning of next congress	10	31	4	3[b]	48	20

House of Representatives

	Party (shading shows control)						Total	Vacant
	Constitutional Union (CU)	Democratic (D)	Independent Democratic (ID)	Republican (R)	Unionist (U)	Other
End of previous congress	0	6	56	116	0	32	210	29
Begin	2	44	1	107	23	0	177	62
End	1			105	31		182	57
Final voting share	0.5%	24.2%	0.5%	57.7%	17.0%	0.0%
Beginning of next congress	0	72	0	85	9	14	180	61

Leadership

Senate

• President: Hannibal Hamlin (R)
• President pro tempore: Solomon Foot (R)
• Republican Conference Chairman: John P. Hale

House of Representatives

• Speaker: Galusha A. Grow (R)

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives by district.

Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1862; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1864; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1866.

House of Representatives

Members of the House of Representatives are listed by their districts.

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress.

Senate

Senate changes

State (class)	Vacated by	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's formal installation[c]
Missouri (3)	Vacant	Did not take seat until after Congress commenced.	Waldo P. Johnson (D)	March 17, 1861
Kansas (2)	Vacant	Election not recognized by US Senate.	Jim Lane (R)	April 4, 1861
Kansas (3)	Vacant	Election not recognized by the Senate.	Samuel C. Pomeroy (R)	April 4, 1861
Pennsylvania (1)	Simon Cameron (R)	Resigned March 4, 1861, to become Secretary of War. Successor was elected.	David Wilmot (R)	March 14, 1861
North Carolina (2)	Thomas Bragg (D)	Withdrew[41] March 6, 1861; expelled later in 1861.	Vacant thereafter
Ohio (3)	Salmon P. Chase (R)	Resigned March 7, 1861, to become Secretary of the Treasury. Successor was elected.	John Sherman (R)	March 21, 1861
Texas (1)	Louis T. Wigfall (D)	Withdrew March 23, 1861.	Vacant thereafter
North Carolina (3)	Thomas L. Clingman (D)	Withdrew[41] March 28, 1861; expelled later in 1861.	Vacant thereafter
Virginia (2)	Robert M. T. Hunter (D)	Withdrew[41] March 28, 1861, and later expelled for support of the rebellion. Successor was elected.	John S. Carlile (U)	July 9, 1861
Virginia (1)	James M. Mason (D)	Expelled March 28, 1861, for supporting the rebellion. Successor was elected.	Waitman T. Willey (U)	July 9, 1861
Illinois (2)	Stephen A. Douglas (D)	Died June 3, 1861. Successor was appointed.	Orville H. Browning (R)	June 26, 1861
Texas (2)	John Hemphill (D)	Expelled sometime in July 1861.	Vacant thereafter
Illinois (2)	Orville H. Browning (R)	Interim appointee lost election to finish the term. Successor elected January 12, 1863.	William A. Richardson (D)	January 30, 1863
Arkansas (2)	William K. Sebastian (D)	Expelled July 11, 1861.	Vacant thereafter
Arkansas (3)	Charles B. Mitchel (D)	Expelled July 11, 1861.	Vacant thereafter
Michigan (2)	Kinsley S. Bingham (R)	Died October 5, 1861. Successor was elected.	Jacob M. Howard (R)	January 17, 1862
Oregon (2)	Edward D. Baker (R)	Killed at Battle of Ball's Bluff October 21, 1861. Successor was appointed.	Benjamin Stark (D)	October 29, 1861
Kentucky (3)	John C. Breckinridge (D)	Expelled December 4, 1861, for supporting the rebellion. Successor was elected.	Garrett Davis (U)	December 23, 1861
Missouri (1)	Trusten Polk (D)	Expelled January 10, 1862, for supporting the rebellion. Successor was appointed.	John B. Henderson (U)	January 17, 1862
Missouri (3)	Waldo P. Johnson (D)	Expelled January 10, 1862, for disloyalty to the government. Successor was appointed.	Robert Wilson (U)	January 17, 1862
Indiana (1)	Jesse D. Bright (D)	Expelled February 5, 1862, on charges of disloyalty. Successor was appointed.	Joseph A. Wright (U)	February 24, 1862
Tennessee (1)	Andrew Johnson (D)	Resigned March 4, 1862.	Vacant thereafter
Rhode Island (1)	James F. Simmons (R)	Resigned August 15, 1862. Successor was elected.	Samuel G. Arnold (R)	December 1, 1862
New Jersey (1)	John R. Thomson (D)	Died September 12, 1862. Successor was appointed.	Richard S. Field (R)	November 21, 1862
Oregon (2)	Benjamin Stark (D)	Retired September 12, 1862, upon election of a successor.	Benjamin F. Harding (D)	September 12, 1862
Maryland (3)	James Pearce (D)	Died December 20, 1862. Successor was appointed.	Thomas H. Hicks (U)	December 29, 1862
Indiana (1)	Joseph A. Wright (U)	Retired January 14, 1863, upon election of a successor.	David Turpie (D)	January 14, 1863
New Jersey (1)	Richard S. Field (R)	Retired January 14, 1863, upon election of a successor.	James W. Wall (D)	January 14, 1863

House of Representatives

House changes

District	Vacated by	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's formal installation[c]
Colorado Territory at-large	New seat.		Hiram P. Bennett (Conservative R)	August 19, 1861
Nevada Territory at-large	New seat.		John Cradlebaugh (I)	December 2, 1861
Dakota Territory at-large	New seat.		John B. S. Todd (D)	December 9, 1861
Louisiana 1	Vacant.		Benjamin F. Flanders (U)	December 3, 1862
Louisiana 2	Vacant.		Michael Hahn (U)	December 3, 1862
Tennessee 3	Vacant	Representative-elect George W. Bridges was arrested by Confederate troops while en route to Washington, D.C., and held prisoner before he escaped.	George W. Bridges (U)	February 25, 1863
Virginia 1	Vacant.		Joseph E. Segar (U)	May 6, 1862[40]
California at-large	Vacant	Low not permitted to take seat, qualified later under special act of Congress, 12 Stat. 411	Frederick F. Low (R)	June 3, 1862
Virginia 7	Vacant.		Charles H. Upton (U)	July 4, 1861[40]
Ohio 7	Thomas Corwin (R)	Resigned March 12, 1861, to become Minister to Mexico.	Richard A. Harrison (U)	July 4, 1861
Ohio 13	John Sherman (R)	Resigned March 12, 1861, when elected U.S. Senator.	Samuel T. Worcester (R)	July 4, 1861
Pennsylvania 12	George W. Scranton (R)	Died March 24, 1861.	Hendrick B. Wright (D)	July 4, 1861
Massachusetts 3	Charles F. Adams Sr. (R)	Resigned May 1, 1861, to become Ambassador to Great Britain.	Benjamin Thomas (U)	June 11, 1861
Pennsylvania 2	Edward Joy Morris (R)	Resigned June 8, 1861, to become Minister Resident to Turkey.	Charles J. Biddle (D)	July 2, 1861
Virginia 11	John S. Carlile (U)	Resigned July 9, 1861, to become United States Senator from the loyal faction of Virginia.	Jacob B. Blair (U)	December 2, 1861
Missouri 3	John Bullock Clark (D)	Expelled July 13, 1861, for having taken up arms against the Union.	William A. Hall (D)	January 20, 1862
Oregon at-large	Andrew J. Thayer (D)	Election was successfully contested July 30, 1861.	George K. Shiel (D)	July 30, 1861
Missouri 5	John W. Reid (D)	Withdrew August 3, 1861, and then expelled December 2, 1861, for having taken up arms against the Union.	Thomas L. Price (D)	January 21, 1862
Iowa 1	Samuel Curtis (R)	Resigned August 4, 1861, to become colonel of the 2nd Iowa Infantry.	James F. Wilson (R)	October 8, 1861
Massachusetts 5	William Appleton (CU)	Resigned September 27, 1861, due to failing health.	Samuel Hooper (R)	December 2, 1861
Illinois 6	John A. McClernand (D)	Resigned October 28, 1861, to accept a commission as brigadier general of volunteers for service in the Civil War.	Anthony L. Knapp (D)	December 12, 1861
Kentucky 1	Henry C. Burnett (D)	Expelled December 3, 1861, for support of secession.	Samuel L. Casey (U)	March 10, 1862
Kentucky 2	James S. Jackson (U)	Resigned December 13, 1861, to enter the Union Army.	George H. Yeaman (U)	December 1, 1862
Virginia 7	Charles H. Upton (U)	Declared not entitled to seat February 27, 1862.	Lewis McKenzie (U)	February 16, 1863
Illinois 9	John A. Logan (D)	Resigned April 2, 1862, to enter the Union Army.	William J. Allen (D)	June 2, 1862
Pennsylvania 7	Thomas B. Cooper (D)	Died April 4, 1862.	John D. Stiles (D)	June 3, 1862
Massachusetts 9	Goldsmith F. Bailey (R)	Died May 8, 1862.	Amasa Walker (R)	December 1, 1862
Maine 2	Charles W. Walton (R)	Resigned May 26, 1862, to become associate justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court.	Thomas A. D. Fessenden (R)	December 1, 1862
Wisconsin 2	Luther Hanchett (R)	Died November 24, 1862.	Walter D. McIndoe (R)	January 26, 1863
Illinois 5	William A. Richardson (D)	Resigned January 29, 1863, after being elected to the U.S. Senate.	Vacant thereafter

Committees

Senate

Standing committees of the Senate resolved, Friday, March 8, 1861^[42]

House of Representatives

Members by committee assignments, Congressional Globe, as published July 8, 1861.^[44] Spellings conform to those found in the Congressional Biographical Dictionary.

Unless otherwise noted, all committees listed are Standing, as found at the Library of Congress^[45]

Joint committees

Enrolled Bills

• Rep. Bradley F. Granger (R-Michigan)
• Rep. George T. Cobb (D-New Jersey)

The Library

• Rep. Edward McPherson (R-Pennsylvania)
• Rep. Augustus Frank (R-New York)
• Rep. John Law (D-Indiana)

Caucuses

• Democratic (House)
• Democratic (Senate)

Employees

Legislative branch agency directors

• Architect of the Capitol: Thomas U. Walter
• Librarian of Congress: John Gould Stephenson

Senate

• Chaplain: Phineas D. Gurley (Presbyterian), until July 10, 1861
  • Byron Sunderland (Presbyterian), elected July 10, 1861
• Secretary: Asbury Dickins, until July 10, 1861^[48]
  • John W. Forney, elected July 15, 1861
  • William Hickey (Chief Clerk) appointed "Acting Secretary", March 22, 1861^[49]
• Sergeant at Arms: Dunning R. McNair, until July 6, 1861
  • George T. Brown, elected July 6, 1861

House of Representatives

• Chaplain: Thomas H. Stockton (Methodist), elected July 6, 1861
• Clerk: John W. Forney, until July 4, 1861
  • Emerson Etheridge, elected July 4, 1861
• Doorkeeper: Ira Goodnow
• Messenger to the Speaker: Thaddeus Morrice
• Postmaster: William S. King
• Reading Clerks:[data missing]
• Sergeant at Arms: Henry William Hoffman, until July 5, 1861
  • Edward Ball, elected July 5, 1861

See also

• 1860 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
  • 1860 United States presidential election
  • 1860–61 United States Senate elections
  • 1860–61 United States House of Representatives elections
• 1862 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
  • 1862–63 United States Senate elections
  • 1862–63 United States House of Representatives elections

Notes

References

Sources

• Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
• Neely, Mark E. Jr. (2004). "12. The Civil War". In Julian E. Zelizer (ed.). The American Congress: the building of a democracy. Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-618-17906-2.
• Hart, Albert Bushnell; Channing, Edward, eds. (November 1893). "Ordinances of Secession and Other Documents". Ordinances of Secession and Other Documents. 1860-1861. American History Leaflets Colonial and Constitutional. Vol. 12. New York: A. Lovell & Company. OCLC 7759360. Retrieved October 8, 2019. Alt URL

External links

• Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
• Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• Congressional Directory for the 37th Congress, 2nd Session. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., etc. 1861.
• Congressional Directory for the 37th Congress, 2nd Session (Revision). U.S. Govt. Print. Off., etc. 1862.
• Congress, United States (1863). Congressional Directory for the 37th Congress, 3rd Session.