Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi
10th Century Sufi Maturidi scholar and Hanafi jurist
Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi, in full, Abu Bakr ibn Abi Ishaq Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al-Bukhari al-Kalabadhi (fl. late 10th century, Bukhara) was a Persian[1] Hanafi Maturidi[2] Sufi scholar and the author of the Kitab at-ta'arruf, one of the most important works of Sufism composed during the first 300 years of Islam.
Life
Very little is known about his life. His Arabic name (Nisba) indicates that he lived in Kalabadh (a district of Bukhara) and was probably of Persian ancestry. Depending on the source, he died in 990, 994 or 995. His grave in Bukhara still receives many visitors.
Kalabadhi studied Sufism under Abu al-Husayn al-Farisi and Fiqh under Muhammad ibn Fadl.
Works
Of his six or seven works, two in Arabic survive:
- Bahr al-fawa´id fi ma´ani al-akhar. Short moral commentaries on 222 of the Hadith.
- Kitab at-ta'arruf (the English translation by A. J. Arberry is called The Doctrine of the Sufis.)
Al-Kalabadhi's fame rests on the Kitab at-ta'arruf. The work itself consists of 75 relatively short chapters, but several long commentaries have been appended. The work was written primarily for two purposes: to advocate the Sahu ("sober") school of Sufi thought and to assure adherents of orthodox Islam that Sufism does not contradict their beliefs. The second point was of special importance, as Sufism was in danger of being declared a heresy.
Not long before, in 922, the famous Sufi al-Hallaj had been publicly executed on allegations of heresy. This must have had a significant effect on al-Kalabadhi. He quotes al-Hallaj frequently in his works, but never by name. He is simply referred to as "one of the great Sufis".
The book is still understandable for modern readers and preserves many important quotes from the first three hundred years of Islam.
See also
- List of Sufis
- List of Sufi saints
Further reading
- Arthur J. Arberry (Trans.): The Doctrine of the Sufis. University Press, Cambridge 1977, ISBN 0-521-21647-8
- Kalabadhi. In: Emery van Donzel (Ed.): Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill, Leiden 1978, ISBN 90-04-05745-5.
- Kalabadhi. In: Mircea Eliade (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Religion, Bd. 8. Macmillan, New York 1987, ISBN 0-02-909790-8, S. 230–231.
References
- ^ Frye, R.N., ed. (1975). The Cambridge history of Iran (Repr. ed.). London: Cambridge U.P. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
The authors of most of these works, which have been the mainstay of Sufi literature to this day within the khanaqahs, were Persians, such men as Kalabadhi, Sarraj, Makki, Sulami and Abu Nu'aim.
- ^ Madelung, Wilferd (1988). Religious Trends in Early Islamic Iran. Persian Heritage Foundation. p. 47.
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Sufism
- Malamatiyya (Hamdun al-Qassar)
- Junaydiyya (Al-Junayd)
| Four Sufi poles |
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- Naqshbandiyya (Baha' al-Din Naqshband)
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- Shadhiliyya (Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili)
- Darqawiyya (Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Darqawi)
- Suhrawardiyya (Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi)
- Akbariyya (Ibn 'Arabi)
- Khalwatiyya ('Umar al-Khalwati)
- Rahmaniyya (Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Azhari)
- Bayramiyya (Bayram Wali)
- Ba 'Alawiyya (Muhammad ibn 'Ali Ba 'Alawi)
- Tijaniyya (Ahmad al-Tijani)
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