Agnipani was a Yaksha deity in ancient India. His name means "Agni-holder", "Agni" being the fire, for which the later god Agni is well known.[2] The Mathura Museum describes his statue as "Agnipani Yaksha",[3] but Sonya Rhie Quintanilla simply identifies the statue as that of the Vedic God Agni.[2]
A Yaksha
Yakshas seem to have been the object of an important cult in the early periods of Indian history, many of them being known such as Kubera, king of the Yakshas, Manibhadra or Mudgarpani.[4] The Yakshas are a broad class of nature-spirits, usually benevolent, but sometimes mischievous or capricious, connected with water, fertility, trees, the forest, treasure and wilderness,[5][6] and were the object of popular worship.[7] Many of them were later incorporated into Buddhism, Jainism or Hinduism.[4]
Sculptures
Some of the earliest works of art of the Mathura school of art are the Yakshas, monumental sculptures of earth divinities that have been dated to the 2nd-1st century BCE. Yakshas became the focus of the creation of colossal cultic images, typically around 2 meters or more in height, which are considered as probably the first Indian anthropomorphic productions in stone.[8][4] Although few ancient Yaksha statues remain in good condition, the vigor of the style has been applauded, and expresses essentially Indian qualities.[8] They are often pot-bellied, two-armed and fierce-looking.[4] The Yashas are often depicted with weapons or attributes, such as the Yaksha Mudgarpani.[citation needed]
Agnipani ("Fire-holder") Yaksha from Bharana Kalan
A statue of Agnipani ("Fire-holder") Yaksha from BharanaKalan, visible in the Mathura Museum, is dated to circa 100 BCE.[9] It was discovered in Bharana Kalan, 32 kilometers northwest of Mathura.[9] In the statue, Agni has a flame-shaped "aureole" with incised tongues of flames behind his turbanned head, and he hold a water flask in the left hand, some fragments of which remain.[9][1] His right hand may have been held out in "Abhaya mudra", as also seen in other statues of Agni.[9]
The inscription in Brahmi script on the base of the statue is in very bad condition, but has been partly deciphered. Some parallels with the contemporary Mudgarpani statue, probably manufactured and dedicated by the same person, also helped interpretation:
Agnipani pedestal inscription (right side).
Right side: (a)[m](a)ty[e]na pratihāre- [na]....jayaghoṣena [bh](aga)[v](a)to ā[gn]isa pra[t]i[m](ā) Left side: [ka]ritā p[rī]yaṃtāṃ[a]ga[ya]
"An image of the Holy One Agni was caused to be made by Jayghosa, the minister in charge of the gate-keepers (?)
A later relief from the 1st century CE, showing Agni (right) with water pot and left hand in Abhaya mudra. He appears with his son Skanda (Karttikeya) on the left.
It is often suggested that the style of the colossal Yaksha statuary had an important influence on the creation of later divine images and human figures in India.[11] The female equivalent of the Yashas were the Yashinis, often associated with trees and children, and whose voluptuous figures became omnipresent in Indian art.[4] A relief is also known from the Mathura Museum, which shown the Mudgarpani with the same attributes.[12]
Some Hellenistic influence, such as the geometrical folds of the drapery or the walking stance of the statues, has been suggested.[8] According to John Boardman, the hem of the dress in the monumental early Yaksha statues is derived from Greek art.[8] Describing the drapery of one of these statues, John Boardman writes: "It has no local antecedents and looks most like a Greek Late Archaic mannerism", and suggests it is possibly derived from the Hellenistic art of nearby Bactria where this design is known.[8] Under the Indo-Greeks, the cult of the Yakshas may also have been associated with the Bacchic cult of Dionysos.[13]
In the production of colossal Yaksha statues carved in the round, which can be found in several locations in northern India, the art of Mathura is considered as the most advanced in quality and quantity during this period.[14]
^ abcDated 100 BCE in Fig. 86-87, page 365-368 in Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. Fig.85, p.365. ISBN 9789004155374.
^ abQuintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. 84. ISBN 978-90-04-15537-4.
^ abcdeDalal, Roshen (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin Books India. pp. 397–398. ISBN 978-0-14-341517-6.
^Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 430. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
^"yaksha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
^Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994). The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum. D.K. Printworld. p. 76. ISBN 978-81-246-0015-3.
^ abcdeBoardman, John (1993). The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity. Princeton University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0691036802.
^ abcdQuintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. 84. ISBN 978-90-04-15537-4.
^Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. 259. ISBN 978-90-04-15537-4.
^"The folk art typifies an older plastic tradition in clay and wood which was now put in stone, as seen in the massive Yaksha statuary which are also of exceptional value as models of subsequent divine images and human figures." in Agrawala, Vasudeva Sharana (1965). Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A. D. Prithivi Prakashan. p. 84.
^Fig. 85 in Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. Fig.85, p.365. ISBN 9789004155374.
^"We have no way of knowing whether there was any direct association between the cult of the Yashas and Dionysos during the Indo-Greek era, but this is a distinct possibility" in Carter, Martha L. (1968). "Dionysiac Aspects of Kushān Art". Ars Orientalis. 7: 141. ISSN 0571-1371. JSTOR 4629244.
^"With respect to large-scale iconic statuary carved in the round (...) the region of Mathura not only rivaled other areas but surpassed them in overall quality and quantity throughout the second and early first century BCE." in Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. 24. ISBN 9789004155374.
Aureole with tongues of flames (back view)
A Kushan Empire-era Agni statue
