Aktiengesellschaft

Type of business entity in German-speaking countries
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Aktiengesellschaft (German pronunciation: [ˈaktsi̯ənɡəˌzɛlʃaft]; abbreviated AG, pronounced [aːˈgeː]) is a German word for a corporation limited by share ownership (i.e., one which is owned by its shareholders) whose shares may be traded on a stock market. The term is used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland (where it is equivalent to a société anonyme or a società per azioni), and South Tyrol[a] for companies incorporated there. In the United Kingdom, the equivalent term is public limited company, ⁣and in the United States, while the terms "incorporated" or "corporation" are typically used, technically the more precise equivalent term is "joint-stock company"[1] (though to note, for the British term, only a minority of public limited companies have their shares listed on stock exchanges).[2]

Meaning of the word

Example of an Aktie, with a nominal value of 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁

The German word Aktiengesellschaft is a compound noun made up of two elements: Aktien meaning an acting part or share, and Gesellschaft, meaning company or society. English translations include share company, or company limited by shares, or joint-stock company. In German, the use of the term Aktien for shares is restricted to Aktiengesellschaften. Shares in other types of German companies (e.g., GmbH or a cooperative) are called Anteile (parts-of) rather than Aktien.[3][4]

Legal basis

In Germany and Austria, the legal basis of the AG is the German Aktiengesetz (abbr. AktG; "shares law") or the Austrian Aktiengesetz (abbr. AktG). Since the German commercial law (§ 19 Handelsgesetzbuch) requires all corporations to specify their legal form in their name, in order to inform the public of the limits on their liability, all German (required by § 4 Aktiengesetz) and Austrian stock corporations include Aktiengesellschaft or AG as part of their name, frequently as a suffix.

In Switzerland, the Company Limited by Shares (Aktiengesellschaft in German, société anonyme in French, società anonima in Italian, societad anonima in Romansh) is defined in Title Twenty-Six of the Code of Obligations, Article 620. Article 950 specifies that the business name must indicate the legal form.[3]

Structure

German AGs have a "two-tiered board" structure, consisting of a supervisory board (Aufsichtsrat) and a management board (Vorstand). The supervisory board is generally controlled by shareholders, although employees may have seats, depending on the size of the company. The management board directly runs the company, but its members may be removed by the supervisory board, which also determines the management board's compensation. Some German AGs have management boards which determine their own remuneration, but that situation is now relatively uncommon.

The general meeting is the supreme governing body of a Swiss company limited by shares. It elects the board of directors (Verwaltungsrat in German) and the external auditors. The board of directors may appoint and dismiss persons entrusted with managing and representing the company.[5]

Similar forms

The equivalent terms in other countries include the following, which mostly mean literally either "share company/society" or "anonymous company/society".

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ A German-speaking region of Italy.

References

  1. ^ Google Translate reports "Aktiengesellschaft" translates as "joint-stock company".
  2. ^ This page: https://www.londonstockexchange.com/statistics/companies-and-issuers/companies-and-issuers.htm Archived 2019-11-15 at the Wayback Machine (visited September 24, 2019) has a list of all public companies in Britain, and it numbers 2001 entries. This page: "How many limited companies are there in the UK?" Archived 2019-11-05 at the Wayback Machine (Company Bug; visited September 24, 2019) says there are 1.9 million limited companies in Britain.
  3. ^ a b "What Is AG (Aktiengesellschaft)?". Investopedia. Archived from the original on 2022-04-05. Retrieved 2022-04-05.
  4. ^ "English Translation of "Aktiengesellschaft" | Collins German-English Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2023-07-02. Retrieved 2022-04-05.
  5. ^ "What is an Aktiengesellschaft (stock company)?". September 10, 2018. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2022.

Further reading

  • Fohlin, Caroline (November 2005). "Chapter 4: The History of Corporate Ownership and Control in Germany" (PDF). In Morck, Randall K. (ed.). A History of Corporate Governance around the World: Family Business Groups to Professional Managers. University of Chicago Press. pp. 223–282. ISBN 0-226-53680-7.
  • Franks, Julian; Colin Mayer (2001). "Ownership and Control of German Corporations". The Review of Financial Studies. 14 (4). Oxford University Press: 943–977. doi:10.1093/rfs/14.4.943. JSTOR 2696732.
  • McGaughey, E. (2016), "The Codetermination Bargains: The History of German Corporate and Labour Law". Columbia Journal of European Law 23(1) 135.
  • German Stock Corporations Act 1965 translation