Albanoid

Branch of the Indo-European language family
Albanoid
Albanic, Adriatic Indo-European, Illyric, Illyrian complex, Western Paleo-Balkan
Geographic
distribution		Balkans, Italy
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
  • Albanoid
Proto-languageProto-Albanoid
Subdivisions
  • Albanian
  • Messapic †
  • Pre-Eastern Romance †
  • Illyrian? †
Linguasphere55 (phylozone)
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Albanoid or Albanic is a branch or subfamily of the Indo-European languages, of which Albanian language varieties are the only surviving representatives. Albanian is grouped in the same IE branch with Messapic, an ancient extinct language of Balkan provenance that is preserved in about six hundred inscriptions from Iron Age Apulia.[1] This IE subfamily is alternatively referred to as 'Albanoid', 'Illyric', 'Illyrian complex', 'Western Paleo-Balkan', or 'Adriatic Indo-European'.[2] Concerning "Illyrian" of classical antiquity, it is not clear whether it is actually one language and not material from several languages, but if "Illyrian" is defined as the ancient precursor to Albanian it is automatically included in this IE branch.[3] Albanoid is also used to explain pre-Romance features found in Eastern Romance languages.[4]

Nomenclature

The IE subfamily that gave rise to Albanian and Messapic is alternatively referred to as 'Albanoid', 'Illyric', 'Illyrian complex', 'Western Palaeo-Balkan', or 'Adriatic Indo-European'.[2] 'Albanoid' is considered more appropriate as it refers to a specific ethnolinguistically pertinent and historically compact language group.[5] Concerning "Illyrian" of classical antiquity, it is not clear whether it is actually one language and not material from several languages.[3] However, if "Illyrian" is defined as the ancient precursor language to Albanian, for which there is some linguistic evidence,[6] and which is often supported for obvious geographic and historical reasons,[7] Illyrian is automatically included in the IE branch of Albanian.[3] 'Albanoid' is also used to explain pre-Romance features found in Eastern Romance languages.[4]

The term 'Albanoid' for the IE subfamily of Albanian was firstly introduced by Indo-European historical linguist Eric Pratt Hamp (1920 – 2019),[8] and thereafter adopted by a series of linguists.[9] A variant term is 'Albanic'.[10] The root ultimately originated from the name of the Illyrian tribe Albanoi,[11] early generalized to all the Illyrian tribes speaking the same idiom.[12] The process was similar to the spread of the name Illyrians from a small group of people on the Adriatic coast, the Illyrioi.[13]

History

Albanoid and other Paleo-Balkan languages had their formative core in the Balkans after the Indo-European migrations in the region.[14]

Indo-European diversification and dispersal

Indo-European phylogenetic tree where the IE dialect that gave rise to Albanian splits from Post-Tocharian Indo-European, that is the residual Indo-European unity ("Core Indo-European") which remained after Tocharian's splitting from Post-Anatolian Indo-European (by Chang et al. 2015).[15] This tree model is also supported by Hyllested & Joseph 2022, with the difference that they consider the splitting of Armenian from Graeco-Albanian instead of Albanian from Graeco-Armenian.[16]

Although research is ongoing, in current phylogenetic tree models of the Indo-European language family, the IE dialect that gave rise to Albanian splits from "Post-Tocharian Indo-European", that is the residual Indo-European unity ("Core Indo-European") which remained after Tocharian's splitting from "Post-Anatolian Indo-European".[17] The transition between the Basal IE and Core IE speech communities appears to have been marked by an economic shift from a mainly non-agricultural economy to a mixed agro-pastoral economy. The lack of evidence for agricultural practices in early, eastern Yamnaya of the Don-Volga steppe does not offer a perfect archaeological proxy for the Core IE language community, rather western Yamnaya groups around or to the west of the Dnieper River better reflect that archaeological proxy.[18]

Yamnaya steppe pastoralists apparently migrated into the Balkans about 3000 to 2500 BCE, and they soon admixed with the local populations, which resulted in a tapestry of various ancestry from which speakers of the Albanian and other Paleo-Balkan languages emerged.[19] The Albanoid speech was among the Indo-European languages that replaced the pre-Indo-European languages of the Balkans,[20] which left traces of the Mediterranean-Balkan substratum.[21] On the other hand, Baltic and Slavic, together with Germanic, as well as possibly Celtic and Italic, apparently emerged on the territory of the Corded Ware archaeological horizon of the late 4th and the 3rd millennium BCE. The distinction between the southern European languages (in particular Albanian and Greek) and the northern and western European languages (Baltic, Slavic, Germanic, Celtic, and Italic) is further reflected by the frequently shared lexical items of northwest pre-Indo-European substratum among the latter languages.[22]

The Palaeo-Balkanic Indo-European branch based on the chapters "Albanian" (Hyllested & Joseph 2022) and "Armenian" (Olsen & Thorsø 2022) in Olander (ed.) The Indo-European Language Family

Classification

Recent IE phylogenetic studies group the Albanoid subfamily in the same IE branch with Graeco-Phrygian and Armenian, labelled '(Palaeo-)Balkanic Indo-European',[23] based on shared Indo-European morphological, lexical, and phonetic innovations, archaisms, as well as shared lexical proto-forms from a common pre-Indo-European substratum.[24][note 1] Innovative creations of agricultural terms shared only between Albanian and Greek were formed from non-agricultural PIE roots through semantic changes to adapt them for agriculture. Since they are limited only to Albanian and Greek, they could be traced back with certainty only to their last common IE ancestor, and not projected back into Proto-Indo-European.[26]

Shortly after they had diverged from one another, Pre-Albanian, Pre-Greek, and Pre-Armenian undoubtedly also underwent a longer period of contact, as shown by common correspondences that are irregular for other IE languages. Furthermore, intense Greek–Albanian contacts certainly have occurred thereafter.[27]

Family tree

The various dialects of the Albanian language in Albania, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia.[note 2]

Notes

  1. ^ A remarkable common proto-form for "goat" of non-Indo-European origin is exclusively shared between Albanian, Armenian, and Greek. It could have been borrowed at a pre-stage that was common to these languages from a pre-Indo-European substrate language that in turn had loaned the word from a third source, from which the pre-IE substrate of the proto-form that is shared between Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian could also have borrowed it. Hence it can be viewed as an old cultural word, which was slowly transmitted to two different pre-Indo-European substrate languages, and then independently adopted by two groups of Indo-European speakers, reflecting a post-Proto-Indo-European linguistic and geographic separation between a Balkan group consisting of Albanian, Greek, and Armenian, and a group to the North of the Black Sea consisting of Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian.[25]
  2. ^ The map does not imply that the Albanian language is the majority or the only spoken language in these areas.

References

  1. ^ Hyllested & Joseph 2022, p. 235; Friedman 2020, p. 388; Majer 2019, p. 258; Trumper 2018, p. 385; Yntema 2017, p. 337; Mërkuri 2015, pp. 65–67; Ismajli 2015, pp. 36–38, 44–45; Ismajli 2013, p. 24; Hamp & Adams 2013, p. 8; Demiraj 2004, pp. 58–59; Hamp 1996, pp. 89–90.
  2. ^ a b Crăciun 2023, pp. 77–81; Friedman 2023, p. 345; Hyllested & Joseph 2022, p. 235; Friedman 2022, pp. 189–231; Trumper 2020, p. 101; Trumper 2018, p. 385; Yntema 2017, p. 337; Ismajli 2015, pp. 36–38, 44–45; Ismajli 2013, p. 24; Hamp & Adams 2013, p. 8; Schaller 2008, p. 27; Demiraj 2004, pp. 58–59; Hamp 2002, p. 249; Ködderitzsch 1998, p. 88; Ledesma 1996, p. 38.
  3. ^ a b c Holst 2009, p. 65–66.
  4. ^ a b Hamp 1981, p. 130; Joseph 1999, p. 222; Hamp 2002, p. 249; Joseph 2011, p. 128; Ismajli 2015, pp. 36–38, 44–45; Trumper 2018, pp. 383–386; Friedman 2019, p. 19.
  5. ^ Trumper 2018, p. 385; Manzini 2018, p. 15.
  6. ^ Friedman 2022, pp. 189–231; Holst 2009, p. 65–66.
  7. ^ Friedman 2022, pp. 189–231; Coretta et al. 2022, p. 1122; Matasović 2019, p. 5; Parpola 2012, p. 131; Beekes 2011, p. 25; Fortson 2010, p. 446; Holst 2009, p. 65–66; Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 11.
  8. ^ Joseph 2011, p. 128.
  9. ^ Huld 1984, p. 158; Ledesma 1996, p. 38; Joseph 1999, p. 222; Trumper 2018, p. 385; Friedman 2023, p. 345; Crăciun 2023, pp. 77–81.
  10. ^ Friedman 2022, pp. 189–231; Friedman & Joseph 2017, pp. 55–87; Friedman 2000, p. 1; "Albanic" in Linguasphere Observatory.
  11. ^ Demiraj 2020, p. 33; Campbell 2009, p. 120.
  12. ^ Demiraj 2020, p. 33.
  13. ^ Campbell 2009, p. 120.
  14. ^ Friedman 2022, pp. 189–231; Lazaridis & Alpaslan-Roodenberg 2022, pp. 1, 10.
  15. ^ Chang, Chundra & Hall 2015, pp. 199–200.
  16. ^ Hyllested & Joseph 2022, p. 241.
  17. ^ Hyllested & Joseph 2022, p. 241; Koch 2020, pp. 24, 50, 54; Chang, Chundra & Hall 2015, pp. 199–200.
  18. ^ Kroonen et al. 2022, pp. 1, 11, 26, 28.
  19. ^ Lazaridis & Alpaslan-Roodenberg 2022, pp. 1, 10.
  20. ^ Friedman 2023, p. 345.
  21. ^ Demiraj 2013, pp. 32–33.
  22. ^ Matasović 2013, p. 97.
  23. ^ Hyllested & Joseph 2022, p. 241; Olsen & Thorsø 2022, p. 209; Thorsø 2019, p. 258; Chang, Chundra & Hall 2015, pp. 199–200; Holst 2009, p. 65–66.
  24. ^ Hyllested & Joseph 2022, p. 241; Olsen & Thorsø 2022, p. 209; Thorsø 2019, p. 258; Kroonen 2012, p. 246; Holst 2009, p. 65–66.
  25. ^ Thorsø 2019, p. 255; Kroonen 2012, p. 246.
  26. ^ Kroonen et al. 2022, pp. 11, 26, 28
  27. ^ Thorsø 2019, p. 258.

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