Alcántara Bridge

Bridge in Extremadura, Spain

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39°43′21″N 6°53′33″W / 39.7224°N 6.8924°W / 39.7224; -6.8924CrossesTagus RiverLocaleAlcántara, SpainHeritage statusListed as cultural heritage since 1921^[1]CharacteristicsDesignRoman arch bridgeMaterialStoneTotal length181.7 m (596 ft)^[2]Width8.6 m (28 ft)^[2]Height45 m (148 ft)^[3]Longest span28.8 m (94 ft)^[4]No. of spans6Load limit52 t (57 short tons)^[5]HistoryDesignerCaius Julius LacerConstruction start104 ADConstruction end106 ADLocation Map

The Alcántara Bridge (also known as Trajan's Bridge at Alcantara) is a Roman bridge at Alcántara, in Extremadura, Spain. Alcántara is from the Arabic word al-Qantarah (القنطرة) meaning "the arch". The stone arch bridge was built over the Tagus River between 104 and 106 AD by an order of the Roman emperor Trajan in 98.^[6]

History

The Alcántara Bridge has suffered more damage from war than from the elements over the years. The Moors destroyed one of the smallest arches in 1214 although this was rebuilt centuries later, in 1543, with stone taken from the original quarries. The second arch on the northwest side was then later destroyed in 1760 by the Spanish to stop the Portuguese advancing and was repaired in 1762 by Charles III, only to be blown up again in 1809 by Wellington's forces attempting to stop the French. Temporary repairs were made in 1819, but much of the bridge was destroyed yet again in 1836 by the Carlists. The bridge was rebuilt in 1860 using mortared masonry.^[6] And following completion of the José María de Oriol Dam, which allowed for the draining of the Tagus riverbed, the main pillars were completely repaired in 1969.

The bridge originally measured 190 m (620 ft) in length, which today is reduced to 181.7 m (596 ft).^[2] The clear spans of the six arches from the right to the left riverside are 13.6 m (45 ft), 23.4 m (77 ft), 28.8 m (94 ft), 27.4 m (90 ft), 21.9 m (72 ft) and 13.8 m (45 ft).^[4]

Construction

The bridge's construction occurred in the ancient Roman province of Lusitania. In Ancient Rome, the costs of building and repairing bridges, known as opus pontis ("bridge work"), were the responsibility of multiple local municipalities. Their shared costs prove Roman bridges belonged to the region overall, and not to any one town (or two, if on a border). The Alcántara Bridge was built at the expense of 12 local municipalities in Lusitania. The names were added on an inscription on the archway over the central pier.^[7]

Roman inscription on the archway^[6]
Original	Latin in full	Translation
Municipia provinciae Lusitaniae stip conlata quae opus pontis perfecerunt. Imp. Caesari divi Nervae f. Nervae. Traiano Aug. Germ. Dacico Ponti f. Max. Trib. potes VIII. imp. V. cos V. PP.	Caesar Imperator, son of divine Nerva, Nerva Traianus Germanicus Dacicus, Maximus Pontifex, Tribunitia Potestas for the 8th time, Imperium for the 5th time, Pater of the Patria	The municipalities of the province of Lusitania contributed to the construction of the bridge. The Emperor Caesar, son of divine Nerva, the German, the Dacian, Trajan, who was made three times Highest Priest, given eight times the Tribune power, and given five times the government; Father of the country

Roman inscription on the temple
Original	Translation
Pontem perpetui mansurum in saecula mundi fecit divina nobilis arte Lacer ...	Permanent bridge will remain forever in the world Lacer (designer) made by the famous art ...

Gallery

Looking south, in the background the small temple with Lacer's grave
The entrance of the temple with the crypt of the Roman engineer

References

^ Patrimonio histórico: Bienes culturales protegidos. Consulta de bienes inmuebles. Bien: "Puente de Alcántara", retrieved 13-01-2010 (in Spanish)
^ ^a ^b ^c Galliazzo 1994, p. 354
^ From river bed to deck, excluding the triumphal arch (Galliazzo 1994, pp. 354f.). O'Connor 1993, p. 109 gives 48 m, 40–42 m for the height above the water level plus 14 m for the triumphal arch.
^ ^a ^b Galliazzo 1994, p. 356
^ Durán Fuentes 2004, p. 237
^ ^a ^b ^c Whitney, Charles S. (2003) [1929], Bridges of the World: Their Design and Construction, Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, pp. 75–79, ISBN 0-486-42995-4
^ Frothingham, A.I. (1915). "The Roman Territorial Arch". American Journal of Archaeology. 14 (19). Macmillan Company: 159, 172.