Association for Defence of National Rights
Associations for Defence of National Rights (Turkish: Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyetleri) were regional resistance organisations established in the Ottoman Empire between 1918 and 1919 that pledged themselves to the Defence of National Rights movement. They would eventually unite into the Association for the Defence of Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia in the Sivas Congress.
Background
Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War, the Ottoman army was disarmed according to the Armistice of Mudros. Although the Ottoman Empire had to agree to give up vast areas including most of Middle East, the Allies further retained the power of controlling what was left of the Ottoman Empire, namely Turkey. It soon became clear that the Allies were planning to allocate parts of Turkey to Armenia and Greece. Parenthetically, southern Anatolia was put under French and Italian mandate.
The national associations
The occupations, especially that of Izmir, caused deep reactions among the Ottoman people. Several patriotic associations were formed simultaneously in different parts of Turkey as a result.[1] The former Unionists as well as nationalistic soldiers and intellectuals, were active in these associations and were struggling to have their voices heard by peaceful methods like protesting, meetings, and publishing notices, which were not effective at changing the Allies' policy.
After the Congress of Sivas
During the Congress of Sivas held in September 1919, these associations were united under the name of "Association for the Defence of National Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia" (Turkish: Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdâfaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti).[2] This unified organisation became the main political force in Turkey up to the end of the Turkish War of Independence. Its chairman was Mustafa Kemal (later surnamed Atatürk), who would go on to become modern Turkey's founding father. After the war of independence and the Treaty of Lausanne, Atatürk proposed to change the name of the organisation to the People's Party on 9 September 1923, just one year after the liberation of Izmir. After the Republic was proclaimed, the unified organisation was renamed to the Republican People's Party (CHP), which would rule Turkey until 1950, and remains one of Turkey's main political parties to this day.
List of associations
The following are associations that took part in the grouping (with their location or main group component listed in parentheses).[3]
- Şarkî Anadolu Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti (East Anatolia)
- İzmir Müdafaa-i Hukuku Osmaniye Cemiyeti (Izmir)
- İstihlası Vatan Cemiyeti (Manisa)
- Trakya-Paşaeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti (East Thrace)
- Trabzon Muhafaza-i Hukuku Milliye Cemiyeti (Trabzon)
- Kilikyalılar Cemiyeti (Adana-Mersin)
- Hareket-i Milliye ve Redd-i İlhak Teşkilatları (Izmir)
- Adana Vilayeti Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti (Adana)
- Kozan Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti (Kozan)
- Anadolu Kadınları Müdafaa-i Vatan Cemiyeti (Women's organisation)
References
- ^ Lord Kinross: Atatürk Rebirth of a Nation, translation:Ayhan Tezel, Sander Yayınları, İstanbul, 1972, p. 239
- ^ "Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti". e-tarih.org (in Turkish).
- ^ FORSNET. "Kongreler/Cemiyetler: Kurtuluş Savaşı Yıllarında Kurulan Yararlı ve Zararlı Dernekler". ataturk.net (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2001-02-18. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
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- 9 September Front
- Association for Defence of National Rights
- Black Gang
- Deep State
- Grey Wolves
- Kuva-yi Milliye
- Peace at Home Council
- Turkish Revenge Brigade
- Turkish Hearths
- Turkish Resistance Organisation
- Youth Union of Turkey
- Wind Unit
parties
- Young Turks (Ottoman Empire)
- Committee of Union and Progress (Ottoman Empire)
- Republican People's Party (1923–1944)
- Nation Party (1948)
- Republican Villagers Nation Party
- Nation Party (1962)
- Nationalist Movement Party
- Nation Party (1992)
- Workers' Party (left-wing)
- Great Unity Party
- Bright Turkey Party
- Independent Turkey Party
- Homeland Party
- People's Ascent Party
- Nationalist and Conservative Party
- Rights and Equality Party
- National Party
- Patriotic Party
- Good Party
- Ziya Gökalp
- Talaat Pasha
- Enver Pasha
- Ali Suavi
- Ömer Seyfettin
- Noman Çelebicihan
- Mehmet Emin Yurdakul
- Yusuf Akçura
- Ali bey Huseynzade
- Ahmet Ağaoğlu
- Zeki Velidi Togan
- Rıza Nur
- Papa Eftim I
- Nihal Atsız
- Nejdet Sançar
- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
- Peyami Safa
- Mahmut Esat Bozkurt
- Alparslan Türkeş
- Abulfaz Elchibey
- Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu
- Gün Sazak
- Attilâ İlhan
- Doğu Perinçek
- Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu
- Kemal Kerinçsiz
- Meral Akşener
- Yusuf Halaçoğlu
- Ümit Özdağ
- Sinan Oğan
- Bülent Ecevit
events
- Adana massacre
- 1913 Ottoman coup d'état
- Greek genocide
- Armenian genocide
- Assyrian genocide
- Turkish War of Independence
- Elza Niego affair
- Zilan massacre
- 1934 Thrace pogroms
- Racism-Turanism trials
- Istanbul pogrom
- Battle of Tillyria
- 1957 arson attack at Tahtakale
- Sivas massacre
- Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul
- Turkish invasion of Cyprus
- Political violence in Turkey
- Maraş massacre
- Assassination of Kemal Türkler
- 1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt
- Assassination of Hrant Dink
- Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings
- 2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition assault
- Atatürk's reforms
- Turkish History Thesis
- Place name changes
- Öztürkçe
- Language reform
- Animal name changes
- 1934 Resettlement Law
- Varlık Vergisi
- The Twenty Classes
- Citizen, speak Turkish!
- Confiscation of Armenian property
- Surname Law
- Article 301
- How happy is the one who says I am a Turk
- Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation
- Armenian genocide denial
- Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!