Bass trombone

Bass trombone

Bass trombone with two valves in F and D
Brass instrument
Classification	Wind Brass Aerophone
Hornbostel–Sachs classification	423.22 (Sliding aerophone sounded by lip vibration)
Developed	Late 16th century
Playing range
Related instruments
Trombone Contrabass trombone Cimbasso
Musicians
Ben van Dijk George Roberts Douglas Yeo

The bass trombone (German: Bassposaune, Italian: trombone basso) is the bass instrument in the trombone family of brass instruments. Modern instruments are pitched in the same B♭ as the tenor trombone but with a larger bore, bell and mouthpiece to facilitate low register playing, and usually two valves to fill in the missing range immediately above the pedal tones.

History

The earliest bass trombones were the bass sackbuts, usually pitched in G, F, or E♭ below the B♭ tenor. They had a smaller bore and less flared bell than modern instruments, and a longer slide with an attached handle to allow slide positions otherwise beyond the reach of a fully outstretched arm. The earliest known surviving specimen is an instrument in G built in Germany in 1593.^[1] This instrument matches descriptions and illustrations by Praetorius from his 1614–20 Syntagma Musicum.^[2] These bass sackbuts were sometimes called terz-posaun, quart-posaun, and quint-posaun (Old German, lit. 'third' or 'fourth' or 'fifth trombone', referring to intervals below B♭), though sometimes quartposaune was used generally to refer to any of these.^[3] The octav-posaun in B♭ refers to a very large and unwieldy predecessor of the contrabass trombone, a full octave below the tenor.^[4]

Bass sackbuts were used in Europe during the Renaissance and early Baroque periods. By the 18th century the F and E♭ bass trombones were used in Germany, Austria and Sweden, and the E♭ bass trombone in France.

The "tenor-bass" trombone

German instrument maker Christian Friedrich Sattler in 1821 created an instrument he called the Tenorbaßposaune (lit. 'tenor-bass trombone'), a tenor in B♭ built with the larger bore and mouthpiece from the F bass trombone. It facilitated playing bass trombone parts in the low register, but was missing notes below E₂. Treatise author Georges Kastner and other contemporary writers described a dissatisfaction with bass instruments in F or E♭, due to their slow and unwieldy slides. The invention of valves was quickly applied to create valve trombones in the 1830s which replaced the slide altogether; these became popular in military bands and Italian opera.^[5]

In 1839 Sattler invented the quartventil (lit. 'fourth valve'), a valve attachment for a B♭ tenor trombone to lower the instrument a fourth into F.^[6] Intended to bridge the range gap of the tenor trombone between E₂ and B♭₁, it was quickly adopted for bass trombone parts, particularly in Germany. These instruments in B♭/F gradually replaced the larger bass trombones in F and E♭ over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries.^[7] Late Romantic German composers specifying Tenorbaßposaune in scores intended a B♭/F trombone capable of playing below E₂; Arnold Schoenberg called for four in Gurre-Lieder (1911).

The bass trombone in Britain

From about the mid-nineteenth century, the bass trombone in G enjoyed a period of extended popularity in France and especially Britain.^[8] In brass bands in Britain, the G bass trombone was standard, built largely by makers Besson and Boosey & Hawkes with no valves and a slide handle for reaching the longer sixth and seventh positions. For use in British orchestras from the early twentieth century, it was often built with a D or C valve attachment. The G bass trombone was in use until the 1950s, when London orchestral players began importing larger bore American B♭ instruments, particularly by Conn.^[9] The G trombone lingered on in some parts of Britain and former British colonies well into the 1980s, particularly in brass bands and period instrument orchestras.^[10]

Recent developments

The modern bass trombone has evolved from the large-bore B♭/F tenor-bass trombones in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, manufacturers attempted to solve the problem of the missing low B♮₁ on such instruments by adding a second valve. In the 1920s, manufacturers Conn and Holton made B♭/F bass trombones with a Stellventil (lit. 'static valve') that could lower the F tubing to E when manually set. The first true double-valve trombone (where the second valve can be operated while playing) was made by Olds in 1937, using a second dependent valve to lower the F attachment a semitone to E.^[11]

In the 1950s, some North American orchestral bass trombonists had double-valve instruments custom-built, and these designs were eventually adopted by manufacturers. In 1961, American maker Vincent Bach released their double-valve "50B2" model with a second dependent E valve, modified in 1956 for the bass trombonist with Minneapolis Symphony.^[11] In the late 1960s custom instruments appeared using a second independent valve, lowering the instrument to G and to E♭ when engaged with the first valve.^[12] The first commercially available trombone using independent valves was the Olds S-24G model in 1973. Although new to the bass trombone, this idea was anticipated in Germany in the 1920s by Ernst Dehmel's design for a contrabass trombone in F with two independent valves.^[11]

Bass trombones with two valves. Dependent standard rotary valves, left; independent Thayer axial flow valves, center; independent Hagmann valves, right.

The early 1980s saw the emergence of the axial flow valve, known as the "Thayer" valve after its American inventor, Orla Thayer. Trombonists frequently cite its more free-blowing, open-feeling playing characteristics and sound.^[13] It was gradually adopted on high-end trombone models from US manufacturers by the 1990s, particularly from Edwards, S. E. Shires and Vincent Bach. This sparked further innovation in free-blowing valves; Conn patented its own CL2000 valve developed with Swedish trombonist Christian Lindberg, and the Swiss Hagmann valve was adopted by European manufacturers.^[13]

Construction

The modern bass trombone uses the same 9-foot (2.7 m) length of tubing as the tenor trombone, but with a wider bore, a larger bell, and a larger mouthpiece which facilitate playing in the low register.^[6] Typical specifications are a bore size of 0.562 inches (14.3 mm) in the slide with a bell from 9 to 10+1⁄2 inches (23 to 27 cm) in diameter.^[14]

Dependent and independent valves

The bass trombone has typically two valves that lower the pitch of the instrument when engaged, to facilitate the register between the B♭₁ pedal in first position and the E₂ second partial in seventh.^[15] The first valve lowers the key of the instrument a fourth to F. The second (when engaged with the first) will lower the instrument to D (or less commonly, E♭).^[16]

The second valve can be configured in one of two ways, referred to as either "dependent" or "independent" (sometimes also called "in-line"). In a dependent system, the second valve is fitted to the tubing of the first valve, and can only be engaged in combination with the first.^[17] In an independent system, the second valve is fitted to the main tubing next to the first valve, and can be used independently. The second independent valve typically lowers the instrument to G♭, and D when engaged in tandem with the first valve. Less commonly the second valve is tuned to G (combining to give E♭), or has a tuning slide that can tune the valve to either G or G♭ as desired.^[12]

Single-valve instruments

The low B₁ note immediately above the pedal range is unobtainable on a standard trombone slide with a single valve in F.^[18] Bass trombones from the 19th and early 20th century were sometimes made with a valve attachment in E rather than F, or with an alternative tuning slide to lower the pitch to E♭. Today, single-valve bass trombones have a tuning slide on the valve section that is long enough to enable access to the low B₁ by lowering the pitch from F to E.^[19]

Range

Range of the modern bass trombone.

The range of the modern bass trombone with two valves is fully chromatic from the lowest pedal B♭₀ with both valves engaged (or even A₀ with valve slides extended), up to at least B♭₄. Although much of the established orchestral repertoire infrequently strays below B♭₁ or above G₄, and is typically written in the lower registers, there are some exceptions. French composers in the 19th century and early 20th century wrote third trombone parts for tenor trombone, writing as high as A₄ (Bizet L'Arlésienne, Franck Symphony in D minor), and omitting notes below E₂ except for occasional pedal notes (Berlioz in the 1830s used pedal B♭₁ and A₁ in Symphonie fantastique , and G♯₁ in his Grande Messe des morts ).^[20] English composers in the same period were writing for a bass trombone in G, and avoided writing below D♭₂, even though instruments were made with a valve attachment in D by around 1900.^[10]

The 20th century saw further extensions of the bass trombone range, such as the fortissimo pedal D₁ in Berg's Drei Orchesterstücke (1915), and the high B₄ in Kodály's 1927 Háry János suite.^[20] Contemporary orchestral and solo classical pieces, as well as modern jazz arrangements, often further exploit the wide tonal range of the bass trombone.

Repertoire

Since the Romantic period, the trombone section of an orchestra, wind ensemble, or British-style brass band usually consists of two tenor trombones and at least one bass trombone.^[21] In a modern jazz big band, at least one of the trombonists will play bass trombone, often serving as the anchor of the trombone section or doubling the double bass and baritone saxophone.^[22]

George Roberts (affectionately known as "Mr. Bass Trombone") was one of the first players to champion the solo possibilities of the instrument.^[23] One of the first major classical solo works for the instrument was the Concerto for Bass Trombone by Thom Ritter George.^[24][25]

Images

• 
  Bass trombone in F
• 
  Bass trombone in E♭

References

Bibliography