Benthozoa

Clade of early animals

Benthozoa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Clade: Benthozoa
A. Erives and B. Fritzsch, 2019
Clades

Porifera
Eumetazoa (sans Ctenophora)

Synonyms

Myriazoa

The Benthozoa or Myriazoa[1] are a proposed basal animal clade consisting of the Porifera and ParaHoxozoa as sister of the Ctenophora.[2] An alternative phylogeny is given by the Porifera-sister hypothesis in which Porifera are the first diverging animal group.

Choanozoa

Choanoflagellata

Animalia

Ctenophora

Benthozoa

Porifera

Eumetazoa/

Placozoa

Cnidaria

Bilateria

Xenacoelomorpha

Nephrozoa
Deuterostomia
Protostomia
Ecdysozoa

Scalidophora

Arthropoda and allies

Nematoda and allies

>529 mya
Spiralia
Gnathifera

Rotifera and allies

Chaetognatha

Platytrochozoa

Platyhelminthes and allies

Lophotrochozoa

Mollusca and allies

Annelida and allies

550 mya
580 mya
610 mya
650 mya
Triploblasts
ParaHoxozoa
760 mya
950 mya

References

  1. ^ Schultz, Darrin T.; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Bredeson, Jessen V.; Green, Richard E.; Simakov, Oleg; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (2023-05-17). "Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05936-6. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 10232365.
  2. ^ Erives, Albert; Fritzsch, Bernd (2019-07-17). "A screen for gene paralogies delineating evolutionary branching order of early Metazoa". bioRxiv: 704551. doi:10.1101/704551.
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Extant animal phyla
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(major groups
Excavata
Diaphoretickes
Hacrobia
Rhizaria
Alveolata
Stramenopiles
Plants
Amorphea
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Animals
Fungi)
Animalia
ParaHoxozoa
(Planulozoa)
  • Placozoa (Trichoplax and relatives)
  • Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
Bilateria (Triploblasts)
  • (see below↓)
The phylogeny of the animal root is disputed; see also
Eumetazoa
Benthozoa
Bilateria
Ambulacraria
Protostomia
Ecdysozoa
Scalidophora
N+L+P
Nematoida
L+P
Panarthropoda
Tactopoda
  • Arthropoda (arthropods)
  • Tardigrada (waterbears)
Spiralia
Gnathifera
M+S
Platytrochozoa
R+M
Rouphozoa
Mesozoa
Lophotrochozoa
  • Cycliophora (Symbion)
  • Annelida (segmented worms)
M+K
  • Mollusca (molluscs)
Kryptotrochozoa
  • Nemertea (ribbon worms)
Lophophorata
Bryozoa s.l.
Brachiozoa

Major groups
within phyla
Phyla with ≥1000 extant species bolded
Potentially dubious phyla


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