Bishkek Protocol
The Bishkek Protocol was a provisional ceasefire agreement, signed by the representatives of Armenia, Azerbaijan, the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh, and Russia on May 5, 1994, in Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan.
The protocol ended the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and the conflict entered a frozen state. The ceasefire was breached on a number of occasions, particularly during the 2008 clashes, 2016 clashes and during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh war in 2020. Two more ceasefire agreements have been reached – in 2020 and in 2023.
Background
Bishkek was proposed by Kyrgyz representative Medetkhan Sheremkulov who was head of negotiating group, and offered to proceed discussions in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan after the first meeting between parliamentarians of Azerbaijan and Armenia on ceasing fire in Nagorno-Karabakh was held in Mariehamn. Talks between Azerbaijani and Armenian delegations continued for hours. A representative of Azerbaijan Afiyaddin Jalilov questioned the legitimacy of the participation of Armenians who lived in Karabakh, and required to include the name of Nizami Bakhmanov, a member of his delegation who was the mayor of Shusha in Nagorno-Karabakh in the protocol. The protocol and these points were a subject of discussions between President Heydar Aliyev and Kazimirov where it was agreed to include signature of Nizami Bakhmanov into the protocol. Vladimir Kazimirov stated the following in his memoirs: "Aliyev agreed. At the end of the page, two alterations were written in a legible handwriting in Russian. The name of N. Bakhmanov was written by hand but they could not find him in Baku for signature. On May 9, I took a copy of the text to Moscow with two alterations and the name of Bakhmanov but without his signature."[1][2]
Signatories
- Azerbaijan: Afiyaddin Jalilov (First Deputy Parliament Speaker)
- Republic of Artsakh: Karen Baburyan [hy] (President of the National Assembly)[3]
- Armenia: Babken Ararktsyan (Chairman of the Supreme Council)
- Russia: V. Shumeyko (Chairman of the Council of Federation of Russia)
- Kyrgyzstan: M. Sherimkulov (Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan
- OSCE Minsk Group: Vladimir Kazimirov (Head of the Russian Mediation Mission)
- CIS: M. Krotov (Interparliamentary Assembly)
See also
- Madrid Principles
- OSCE Minsk Group
- Prague Process (Armenian–Azerbaijani negotiations)
- Tehran Communiqué
- Zheleznovodsk Communiqué
References
- ^ "www.vn.kazimirov.ru/x013.htm". www.vn.kazimirov.ru. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
- ^ Waal, Thomas de (2013-07-08). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War, 10th Year Anniversary Edition, Revised and Updated. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814760321.
- ^ "Бишкешский протокол". vn.kazimirov.ru. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
External links
- Full text of the Bishkek Protocol
- Official version in English
- Text of all peace accords between Armenia and Azerbaijan
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- Çardaqlı clash
- Askeran clash
- Sumgait pogrom
- Gugark pogrom
- Zvartnots Airport clash
- Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms
- Kirovabad pogrom
- Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988)
- Baku pogrom
- Black January
- Bağanis Ayrum
- 1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing
- Operation Ring
- Voskepar massacre
- Battle of Togh
- 1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown
- Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
- Siege of Stepanakert
- Operation Dashalty
- 1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown
- Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli
- Capture of Garadaghly
- Khojaly massacre
- Maraga massacre
- Capture of Shusha
- Capture of Artsvashen
- Operation Goranboy
- Mardakert and Martuni Offensives
- Operation Həsənqaya
- Battle of Lachin
- Operation Qazançı
- 1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état
- Battle of Kalbajar
- Battle of Aghdam
- 1993 Summer Offensives
- Operation Geghamasar
- Operation Horadiz
- Operation Kalbajar
- 1994 Baku Metro bombings
- 1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown
- 1994 Bagratashen bombing
- Refugees in Azerbaijan
- 2008 Mardakert clashes
- January 2009 Agdam military incident
- September 2009 Agdam military incident
- 2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes
- 2010 Mardakert clashes
- 2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes
- 2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes
- 2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown
- 2016 Odundağ clashes
- 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
- 2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
- 2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes
- 2019 clash near Chinari
- July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes
- Baker rules
- Bishkek Protocol
- Tehran Communiqué
- Zheleznovodsk Communiqué
- OSCE Minsk Group
- Prague Process
- Madrid Principles
- 2020 ceasefire agreement
- 2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping
- 2023 ceasefire agreement
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