British Rail Class 31

Minimum curve4.5 chains (300 ft; 91 m)Wheelbase42 ft 10 in (13.06 m)Length56 ft 9 in (17.30 m)Width8 ft 9 in (2.67 m)Height12 ft 7 in (3.84 m)Loco weight106.7 long tons (108.4 t; 119.5 short tons) to 113 long tons (115 t; 127 short tons)Fuel capacity550 imp gal (2,500 L; 660 US gal)Prime moverGeneratorBrush TG160.48 ^[1]Traction motorsFour Brush TM73 ^[1]TransmissionDiesel electricTrain heating31/0 & 31/1: Steam
31/4: Electric Train Heat (Index 66) ^[1]Train brakesVacuum / Dual (Air/Vac)

Performance figures
Maximum speed	D5500–5534: 80 mph (129 km/h) Remainder: 90 mph (145 km/h)
Power output	Engine: Mirrlees: 1,250 bhp (930 kW) or 1,365 bhp (1,018 kW) English Electric: 1,470 bhp (1,100 kW) At rail: 1,170 hp (870 kW)[2]
Tractive effort	Maximum: 35,900 lbf (159.69 kN)
Brakeforce	49 long tons-force (488.24 kN)

Career
Operators	British Railways EWS Fragonset Railways FM Rail Mainline Rail Nemesis Rail Network Rail
Numbers	D5500–D5699, D5800–D5862, later 31001–31970
Nicknames	Goyles, Peds, Toffee Apples, Gurglers
Axle load class	Route availability 5 or 6
Withdrawn	1975–2017
Disposition	36 preserved,[3] remainder scrapped

The British Rail Class 31 diesel locomotives, also known as the Brush Type 2 and previously as Class 30, were built by Brush Traction from 1957 to 1962. They were numbered in two series, D5500-D5699 and D5800-D5862.^[4][5] Construction of the first locomotive was completed in the final week of September 1957, and the handing-over took place on 31 October.^[6] The first Class 31 entered service in November 1957, after the launch of the Class 20 locomotive and was one of the Pilot Scheme locomotives ordered by British Railways to replace steam traction.

Engines

They were originally built with Mirrlees JVS12T 1,250 bhp (930 kW) (D5500–D5519) and 1,365 bhp (1,018 kW) engines and Brush electrical equipment, but the engines were not successful and in 1964 D5677 was fitted with an English Electric 12SVT engine (similar to the 12CSVT used in the Class 37 but without an intercooler) rated at 1,470 bhp (1,100 kW). The trial proved successful, and between 1965 and 1969 the entire class was re-engined. The de-rated engine was used as it was the maximum the electrical system could accept.^{[citation needed]}

Classification

The Mirrlees-engined locomotives were originally known as Class 30 under TOPS, with re-engined examples joining Class 31.^[7] The class was originally intended for service on the Eastern Region, but gradually became common in both the Western and London Midland regions too.

Sub-classes

Several sub-classes of Class 31 exist:

• 31/0 - First batch of locos, fitted with Red Circle electro-magnetic control equipment^[7] - withdrawn in the late 1970s as non-standard. RA 5
• 31/1 - The standard locomotive, fitted with Blue Star electro-pneumatic control.^[7] RA 5
• 31/4 - As Class 31/1 but fitted with Brush Electric train heating (ETH) apparatus, index 66.^[7] RA 6
• 31/5 - Former 31/4 with the ETH isolated for Civil Engineers Department use. RA 6
• 31/6 - Standard locomotive through wired for ETH but without ETH apparatus. RA 5

Class 31/0

These first 20 locomotives, originally numbered D5500–D5519,^[8] were always easily recognisable as they did not have the headcode box mounted on the roof above the cab, leading to the nickname "Skinheads". They were also nicknamed "Gurglers" from the noise of their engines, and "Toffee Apples" from the shape of the control key which had to be taken from cab to cab when changing ends.^{[citation needed]} These pilot scheme locomotives were non-standard in having Electro-Magnetic Multiple-Working control equipment, and were limited to 80 mph (130 km/h). After being involved in a serious collision D5518 was rebuilt in September 1967 as a standard locomotive, with indicator boxes, and blue star coupling code.

They were allocated to East Anglian sheds throughout their service, ending up allocated to Stratford, their initial shed,^[9] and latterly sporting that depot's trademark silver roof. Upon withdrawal four locomotives^[10] were converted at Stratford into train pre-heating units. Locomotives 31013, 31002, 31014 and 31008 were renumbered ADB968013 to ADB968016 in the order given;^[11][12] ADB968014 was allocated to Bounds Green depot on the Great Northern main line and ADB968015 was based at Great Yarmouth, while the remaining two were allocated to Stratford.

Class 31/1

The first few locos externally had much in common with the original 31/0s as twenty lacked the roof mounted headcode box (D5520–29/35/39/42/47/51/52/55/56/59/62),^[13] and fifteen were also limited to 80 mph (130 km/h) (D5520–D5534),^[14] but were otherwise the same as subsequent locos. The whole sub-class had steam heating boilers fitted, had the Blue Star Electro-Pneumatic multiple-working controls as found on many other BR classes. The Class 31/1s could be found on a variety of secondary and relief passenger duties as well as parcels and freight traffic. While used in East Anglia, with locos allocated to Stratford and March depots, they were found throughout the Eastern Region of BR with Finsbury Park sporting a large allocation along with the depots at Tinsley, Immingham and Thornaby. Locos were also allocated to Bristol Bath Road and Old Oak Common on the Western Region, where they could be found working passenger trains as far west as Barnstaple and Paignton.^[15] In the early 1980s Healey Mills and Bescot on the Midland Region also gained an allocation as replacements for Class 25s.

Class 31/4

The Class 31/4s, numbered from 31400 to 31469, were conversions of 31/1s to which electric train heating (ETH) was fitted. They had an ETH index of 66, equivalent to 330 kW, which was sufficient to power trains of up to eleven Mk 3 carriages. This allowed them to pre-heat long trains moving between depot and a station for a service to be worked by a larger locomotive. When passenger services were worked by 31/4s they rarely exceeded four or five carriages. 330 kW accounted for about a third of the total electrical power output. When ETH was being supplied, the traction power output of the 31/4 subclass was therefore limited to around two-thirds of that of the non-ETH variants; this did not help the performance of an already somewhat underpowered locomotive.

Class 31/5

In the late 1980s with increased use of "Sprinter" type units on previously loco hauled diagrams, there were ETH fitted Locomotives to spare and with this in mind, some Class 31s were selected to have their ETH cables removed from the front buffer beam. This was done to try to prevent passenger sectors of BR borrowing the locomotives from the Freight sectors, and to cut down on maintenance of surplus equipment. The re-numbering was achieved by simply adding 100 to the existing TOPS number i.e. 31407 became 31507. When the re-numbering was taking place, most locos were still in standard BR Blue livery and the 4 in the number was painted over and a 5 placed over the top. Some of the sub-class were painted into Civil Engineers all over Grey livery, although most were subsequently painted into the "Dutch" Yellow and Grey livery. Only 31530 (Sister Dora), 31544 (Keighley and Worth Valley Railway) and 31568 (The Engineman’s Fund) were named when numbered as a 31/5. 31544 was also notable as the only one of the sub-class with the original "skinhead" style cabs without the route indicators on the roof.

Class 31/6

Only two locomotives (31601 and 31602, formerly 31186 and 31191 respectively ^[16][17]) received this modification, performed during their time with Fragonset Railways. This modification means they are through wired for Electric Train Heating (ETH) but cannot actually provide it. This means they can be coupled to a train behind another locomotive, and the front locomotive is still able to heat the train via the wiring on the 31/6. 31601 is now preserved at the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway where it regularly operates trains ^[16] while 31602 was scrapped after being withdrawn.

Operation

Initial deliveries of Class 31/0 locomotives were to Stratford depot in east London and deliveries continued with Class 31/1 locos going to the Eastern and North Eastern regions. Class 31s were first used on the Western Region in 1969 when D5535 was allocated to Old Oak Common to work Empty Coaching Stock (ECS) trains into Paddington.^[18]

Nicknames

The class were given a number of nicknames. The Class 31/0s were known as Toffee Apples, due to the shape of the control lever.^[19] More common names for the whole class were Goyles (short for "gargoyles" referring to the ugliness of the design),^[20] Peds ("Another derogatory name associating the locomotives with pedal cars in terms of speed and pulling power")^[20] and Gurglers, after the sound they made.^[21]

Accidents and incidents

• On 11 September 1975,^[22] 31150 was involved in a head-on collision at Corby Tunnel, with a loose brake van and coke wagons.^[10] This locomotive was the first of the class to be withdrawn.^[22]
• On 3 January 1976, locomotive 31241 was hauling a parcels train when a light engine ran into its rear at Worcester Tunnel Junction. Time interval working was in force at the time.^[23]
• On 25 February 1979, locomotive 31421 was hauling an engineering train that was working under a possession between Fratton and Hilsea, Hampshire. The adjacent line was open to traffic. A crane in the engineering train was foul of the other line when it was struck by a passing passenger train. One person was killed and nine were injured.^[24]
• On 9 March 1986, locomotive 31436 was hauling a passenger train that was in a head-on collision with two light engines at Chinley, Derbyshire due to a signalman's error. One person was killed. Lack of training and a power cut were contributory factors.^[25]
• On 20 February 1987, a freight train ran away and was derailed by trap points at North Junction, Chinley. Locomotive 31440 was hauling a train that collided with the wreckage.^[26]
• On 28 October 1988 two unmanned Class 31 locos (31202 and 31226), presumably with brakes not fully applied, rolled off together along a short siding at North London's Staples Corner. After demolishing the buffer stop they ran down the embankment on to the North Circular Road, although nobody was hurt. The second loco of the pair landed on the roof of the leading one, remaining precariously balanced. They were both withdrawn after the incident.^[27]

Commercial operators

Distribution of locomotives,
March 1974^[28]

BR GD HO IM MR TE TI YK
CW FP OC SF
Code	Name	Quantity
BR	Bristol Bath Road	13
CW	Cricklewood	2
FP	Finsbury Park	51
GD	Gateshead	8
HO	Holbeck	15
IM	Immingham	41
MR	March	52
OC	Old Oak Common	19
SF	Stratford	24
TE	Thornaby	12
TI	Tinsley	22
YK	York	4
Total:		263

Eastern Rail Services

In 2022 the only operational class 31/4 outside preservation was 31452 which is based at Great Yarmouth.^[29][30]

English, Welsh & Scottish

Before the introduction of Class 66, English Welsh & Scottish (EWS) took control of the Class 31s from the Mainline Freight and Trainload Freight companies. 31255 became the locomotive for the EWS livery paint trials but never ran on the main line and spent its life at Toton until being preserved in January 1999. 31466 was repainted into EWS colours for the Toton TMD open day in May 1998 and soon became^{[clarification needed]} the only one of the class to be in traffic running in the EWS colours until being preserved in February 2001. In their final days of EWS ownership, 31110 (scrapped at TJ Thompson's, Stockton in April 2007) was repainted into BR green in the summer of 1999 and featured its original number D5528 to mark the end of their working lives with EWS and worked the last EWS Class 31 hauled railtour. The final four EWS locomotives were withdrawn in February 2001. Of the two EWS liveried locos, both 31255 and 31466 are preserved, 31255 based at the Mid Norfolk Railway^[31] and 31466 based at the Dean Forest Railway.

FM Rail

In 1998, Fragonset Railways purchased four redundant Class 31 locomotives from EWS. The first of these, 31452, was quickly repaired and repainted in a new black livery with a red mid-body band. It was quickly followed by 31459 and 31468. Several more locomotives were also purchased, and in 1999, the first of two modified Class 31/6 locomotives re-entered traffic. The Class 31/6 31601 (ex 31186) & 31602 (ex 31191) subclass is essentially a modified Class 31/1 locomotive with through electric-train heating wiring. This enables a Class 31/4 and Class 31/6 to work in multiple and still heat the train, even if the no-heat Class 31/6 is attached to the carriages.

In 1999, Fragonset won a short-term contract with Silverlink for two locomotives to work in top and tail mode with two Mk. 1 carriages on the Marston Vale Line. This was to cover for the non-availability of Class 117 and Class 121 diesel multiple units. The trial was a success, and in 2000 it was repeated in the summer timetable. The locomotives were retained until displaced by more modern Class 150/1 units cascaded from Central Trains.

By this time, the Fragonset Class 31 fleet had expanded considerably to include three Class 31/1s, three Class 31/4s and two Class 31/6 locomotives. Regular work at this time included use hauling Class 317 electric multiple units from West Anglia Great Northern's Hornsey depot to Bedford for use with Thameslink. As units were still maintained at Hornsey, this meant regular workings between the two depots to swap units when maintenance was due. 31468 was broken up for spares, finally being scrapped 6 June 2018.^[32]

Hanson and Hall

Created in 2018, in 2022 Hanson and Hall had one of the three remaining operational Class 31s outside preservation. 31106 was stored at Bury on the East Lancashire Railway in Rail Blue livery.^[30]

Mainline Rail

After the demise of FM Rail, several of its Class 31s passed to Mainline Rail, operated by RMS Locotec. As of November 2008, four 31/4s and one 31/6 were owned by RMS Locotec, which is a subsidiary of British American Railway Services.

Nemesis Rail

31128, an ex-Fragonset locomotive, is owned by Nemesis Rail and based at Burton upon Trent. In 2022 this locomotive is one of only three remaining operational Class 31s outside of preservation, and has been returned to BR Blue livery.^[30]

Network Rail

Network Rail operated a fleet of four Class 31 locomotives – 31105, 31233, 31285, and 31465 – to haul test trains around the network. The locomotives were purchased from Fragonset Railways, and overhauled at its Derby workshops. They were repainted in Network Rail's then new all-over yellow livery. 31285 and 31465 were offered for sale by tender in July 2015,^[33] and 31233 and 31105 in August 2018.^[34]

Prior to operating its own locomotives, Network Rail's predecessor, Railtrack, had hired two Class 31 locomotives from Fragonset. These two locomotives, 31190 and 31601, were repainted in Railtrack's blue and lime green livery. With the overhaul and entry into service of Network Rail's own locomotives, these two engines were returned to Fragonset. (They are now owned by British American Railway Services, based at Washwood Heath in Birmingham.)

Locomotive 31106, formerly Spalding Town, is privately owned by Howard Johnston, and after a period of lease to Fragonset, FM Rail, and RVEL which included extensive main line running for 11 years, including working as far north as Oban in Scotland, is based at the Weardale Railway. After inspection, it was successfully started on 17 October 2017 and moved under its own power for the first time in four years. Johnston purchased three more of the class from EWS, but they acquired new owners; 31107 (scrapped by C F Booth at Rotherham in May 2009, following a staged collision with a Renault Espace on a level crossing during Top Gear Series 9, Episode 5 in 2006 to demonstrate the danger of trying to beat a train at a crossing), 31289 (preserved at the Northampton and Lamport Railway), and 31301 (scrapped).

The last active Network Rail Class 31 was 31233, with it operating its last test trains in March 2017. In August 2018, Network Rail offered its final two Class 31s (31105 and 31233) for sale; both were purchased for preservation at Mangapps Railway Museum in Essex .^[34]

Preservation

Currently preserved

36 members of the class have survived into preservation.^[3] This number includes both the first and last produced (31018 and 31327, respectively). There were a further 10 which have subsequently been scrapped.

Numbers carried (Current in bold)				Name	Livery	Location	Notes
D5500*	31018	–	–	–	BR Blue	National Railway Museum	First-built locomotive, now part of the National Collection.
D5518	31101	–	–	–	BR Blue	Avon Valley Railway	Undergoing repairs
D5522*	31104	31418	–	Boadicea	BR Blue	Midland Railway - Butterley	Undergoing restoration
D5523*	31105	31105	–	Radio Caroline[35][36]	BR Blue	Mangapps Railway Museum, Essex	Operational
D5524*	31106	–	–	–	BR Blue	East Lancashire Railway	Undergoing overhaul
D5526*	31108	–	–	–	Railfreight Grey	Midland Railway - Butterley
D5533	31115	31466	–	–	EWS Maroon/Gold	North Yorkshire Moors Railway[37]
D5537	31119	–	–	–	BR Blue	Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway	Stored
D5546	31128	–	–	Charybdis	BR Blue	Nemesis Rail, Burton-on-Trent	Operational
D5547	31129[3]	31461	–	–	BR Blue	Nemesis Rail, Burton-on-Trent	Operational
D5548	31130	–	–	Calder Hall Power Station	Railfreight Grey	Avon Valley Railway
D5557	31139	31438	31538	–	BR Blue	Epping Ongar Railway
D5580	31162	–	–	–	BR Blue	Midland Railway - Butterley
D5581	31163	97205	–	–	Derby RTC	Chinnor & Princes Risborough Railway
D5600	31179	31435	–	Newton Heath TMD	BR Green	Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway
D5609	31186	31601	–	–	DCR Grey	Ecclesbourne Valley Railway
D5613	31190	–	–		Golden Ochre	Plym Valley Railway
D5627	31203	–	–	Steve Organ G.M.	BR Green	Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway
D5630	31206	–	–	–	Civil Engineers	Ecclesbourne Valley Railway	Rescued from Booth's Scrapyard in 2006[38][39]
D5631	31207	–	–	–	BR Green	North Norfolk Railway	One of the final three locomotives operated by EWS
D5634	31210	–	–	–	Railfreight Grey	Dean Forest Railway	Undergoing restoration
D5637[3]	31213	31465	31565	–	Network Rail Yellow	Weardale Railway	Undergoing restoration
D5654	31228	31454	31554	–	Intercity	Wensleydale Railway	Awaiting restoration[40]
D5660	31233	–	–	–	Network Rail Yellow	Mangapps Railway Museum, Essex	Operational
D5662	31235	–	–	–	BR Blue	Dean Forest Railway	Stored
D5683	31255	–	–	–	EWS Maroon/Gold	Mid-Norfolk Railway	Repainted in EWS livery for paint trials
D5684	31256[3]	–	–	Cerberus	Black	Wensleydale Railway
D5695	31265	31430	31530	Sister Dora	BR Blue	Spa Valley Railway
D5800	31270	–	–	Athena	Regional Railways	Didcot Railway Centre[41]	Operational
D5801	31271	–	–	Stratford 1840-2001	Trainload Construction	Llangollen Railway
D5809	31279[3]	31452	31552	–	Green	Eastern Rail Services	Undergoing repairs
D5814	31414	31514	–	–	Dutch Civil	Midland Railway - Butterley	Undergoing repairs
D5817	31285[3]	–	–	–	Network Rail Yellow	Weardale Railway	Undergoing repairs
D5821	31289	–	–	Phoenix	BR Experimental Blue	Northampton and Lamport Railway
D5830	31297	31463	31563	–	BR Golden Ochre	Great Central Railway (Nottingham)	On loan from the Great Central Railway
D5862	31327	–	–	–	BR Green	Strathspey Railway	Final locomotive built

Note: * = "skinheads"

Preserved then scrapped

In addition, the following locomotives were previously preserved, but have since been scrapped.

• 31113 ex-Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway - scrapped in June 2008 at EMR Kingsbury after death of owner
• 31123 ex-Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway - scrapped in February 2006 by A1A Locomotives
• 31144 ex-Weardale Railway - scrapped in January 2014. Both cabs preserved by the South Wales Cab Group, Bridgend.
• 31166 ex-Wensleydale Railway - scrapped in June 2009
• 31188 ex-Wensleydale Railway - scrapped in September 2008
• 31410 ex-Stainmore Railway - scrapped in September 2014 at CF Booths Rotherham
• 31421 ex-Midland Railway Butterley - scrapped in August 2007 after deal fell through for loco to get power unit ex. 31405
• 31442 ex-Churnet Valley Railway - scrapped in September 2004
• 31467 ex-East Lancashire Railway - scrapped in August 2008 after being stripped by metal thieves.
• 31468 ex-Weardale Railway - scrapped in June 2018.
• 31556 ex-East Lancashire Railway - scrapped in January 2010.

Gallery

• 
  31018, at the National Railway Museum in York, on 3 June 2004. This was the first locomotive of the Class to be built in 1957. It was withdrawn from service in 1976. It currently carries BR Blue livery. Note the absence of over-window head code panel, which were only omitted from the first few locomotives.
• 
  31271 Stratford 1840-2001, pictured on 3 June 2004 at the York Railfest held to celebrate the 200th anniversary of railways. Under the auspices of A1A Locomotives Limited, the locomotive will be spending the 2019 and 2020 seasons on the Llangollen Railway in North Wales.
• 
  31128 Charybdis at Bristol Temple Meads on 23 July 2004. This locomotive was owned by Fragonset Railways, but hired to Wessex Trains to haul trains from Bristol to Brighton and Weymouth.
• 
  31255 at the Colne Valley Railway in EWS livery
• 
  InterCity liveried 31414 running brake van rides on the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway.
• 
  Regional Railways livery 31270 at Peak Rail, Rowsley, Derbyshire.
• 
  Network Rail 31285 speeds through Rugeley working a test train.
• 
  31601 in Devon and Cornwall Railways green livery, working a Network Rail test train south of Chesterfield.

Media

On 21 August 2006, Network Rail and the BBC Television programme Top Gear staged and filmed a crash between a Class 31 locomotive (31107) and a family car in order to promote rail safety. The off-limits event was the first of its type for 10 years and took place at Hibaldstow level crossing near Scawby in Lincolnshire, where the B1206 road crosses the Barnetby–Gainsborough railway line. Two Class 31 locomotives and a parked Renault Espace were used during the crash. Network Rail's 31233 was used to propel 31107 up to a speed of 80 mph (130 km/h). The rear locomotive slowed down to a stop and 31107 continued to coast at a speed of 70–80 miles per hour into the road vehicle parked across the eastbound 'up' line. For the crash, locomotive 31107 received a special black livery with the slogan "Level crossings — Don't run the risk" along the side in white lettering. The final 5 minute segment was originally scheduled for 4 February 2007 but was rescheduled, apparently due to a fatal crossing crash at Dingwall two days earlier.^[42][43] It was eventually aired on BBC Two on 25 February 2007, shortly after the Grayrigg derailment. A repeat of the programme was pulled following a further level-crossing accident.^{[44][45][46][47]}

Locomotive 31120 appears in The Railway Series book Gordon the High Speed Engine.

Model railways

The first models of Class 30 locomotives were produced by Tri-ang in TT scale, in 1960.

In 1962 Tri-ang launched its first version of the BR Class 30 (with headcode boxes) in OO gauge. Airfix model railways also chose to produce a Class 31 when Airfix entered the model train market in 1975. Lima also produced a OO scale model, in both "skinhead" and headcode box versions. Hornby have produced a finescale OO scale model since 2004; both body styles are available in various liveries. Hornby have also produced a basic representation of the prototype as part of their Railroad range in BR Blue, and BR Green whilst past examples have carried a variety of liveries.^[48] On 23 February 2022 Accurascale announced their own OO model, due out in 2023.^[49]

An N Gauge model of the Class 31 is currently produced by Graham Farish (in both "skinhead" and headcode box versions) with re-tooling for an updated model taking place in 2012; Lima also produced an N scale model ("skinhead" only).

Heljan have released an O gauge model based on the 31s in their early condition, March 2013.

References and sources

References

Sources

• Pritchard, Robert (2022). British Railways locomotives and coaching stock 2022. Sheffield: Platform 5. ISBN 978-1-909431-97-3.
• Stevens-Stratten, S.W.; Carter, R.S. (1978). British Rail Main-Line Diesels. Shepperton: Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7110-0617-1.
• Strickland, David C. (September 1983). Locomotive Directory: Every Single One There Has Ever Been. Camberley: Diesel and Electric Group. ISBN 978-0-906375-10-5. OCLC 16601890. OL 27959920M. Wikidata Q105978499.
• Toms, George (1978). Brush Diesel Locomotives, 1940-78. Sheffield: Turntable Publications. ISBN 978-0902844483. OCLC 11213057.
• Williams, Alan; Percival, David (1977). British Railways Locomotives and Multiple Units including Preserved Locomotives 1977. Shepperton: Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7110-0751-2.

Further reading

• Cole, Andrew (2016). Class 31 Locomotives. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445657912. OCLC 932262936.
• Morrison, Brian (1984). The Power of the Class 31s. OPC. ISBN 9780860930648. OCLC 656098166.
• Loader, Martin; Norris, Rich (2005). Class 31 Photo File. Vanguard Publications. ISBN 9781900872065.
• McManus, Michael. Ultimate Allocations, British Railways Locomotives 1948 - 1968. Wirral. Michael McManus.
• Oakley, Michael (1981). BR Class 31 Diesels. Bradford Barton. ISBN 9780851534176. OCLC 16542541.
• Vaughan, John (2009). Diesel Retrospective: Class 31. Ian Allan. ISBN 9780711032859. OCLC 267193524.
• Clough, David (18–31 May 1989). "Unsung Heroes". RAIL. No. 96. EMAP National Publications. pp. 26–31. ISSN 0953-4563. OCLC 49953699.
• Dunn, Pip (12–25 February 1997). "Brush's veterans". RAIL. No. 298. EMAP Apex Publications. pp. 22–26. ISSN 0953-4563. OCLC 49953699.

External links

• The Class 31 Photo Gallery
• Class 31 gen site for photos, workings
• Video
• Class 31 Photos
• Modelling Class 31s