Cagayan Valley

Administrative region of the Philippines

Region in Luzon, Philippines
Cagayan Valley
Tanap ti Cagayan
Clockwise from the top: Palaui Island Protected Landscape and Seascape, Cagua Volcano, Cape Engaño Lighthouse, Sabtang, Tumauini Church
Location in the Philippines
Location in the Philippines
and largest cityTuguegarao
Area
 • Total28,228.83 km2 (10,899.21 sq mi)
Highest elevation
(Mount Pulag)
2,928 m (9,606 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[2]
 • Total3,685,744
 • Estimate 
(2020)
3,657,741[1]
 • Density130/km2 (340/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ISO 3166 codePH-02
Provinces
5
  • Batanes
  • Cagayan
  • Isabela
  • Nueva Vizcaya
  • Quirino
Independent Cities
1
  • Santiago
Component cities
Municipalities89
Barangays2,311
Cong. districts12[3]
Languages
GDP (2021)₱399.9 billion
$8 billion[4]
Growth rateIncrease (5.1%)[4]
HDIIncrease 0.709 (High)
HDI rank7th in the Philippines (2019)

Cagayan Valley (Ilocano: Tanap ti Cagayan; Filipino: Lambak ng Cagayan), designated as Region II, is an administrative region in the Philippines. Located in the northeastern section of Luzon,[5] it is composed of five Philippine provinces: Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, and Quirino. The region hosts four chartered cities: Cauayan, Ilagan, Santiago, and Tuguegarao.[6]

Most of its land area lies in the valley between the Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges. The eponymous Cagayan River, the country's largest and longest, runs through the region, flows from the Caraballo Mountains, and ends in Aparri. Cagayan Valley is the second-largest Philippine administrative region by land area.[7] According to a literacy survey in 2019, 93% of Cagayan Valley's citizens (ages 10 to 64) are functionally literate, which is 5th out of the seventeen regions of the Philippines. [8]

History

Archaeology indicates that Cagayan has been inhabited for half a million years, though no human remains of any such antiquity have yet appeared. The earliest inhabitants are the Agta, or Atta, food-gatherers who roam the forests without fixed abodes. A large tract of land has lately been returned to them.[citation needed] The bulk of the population are of Austronesian origin. For centuries before the coming of the Spanish, the inhabitants traded with Indians, Malays, Chinese, and Japanese. In the nineteenth and 20th centuries, the prosperity found in tobacco cultivation caused many Ilokano people to settle here, it was only in this large-scale Ilocano settlement that made Ilocano language replace Ibanag as the lingua franca of the region. Tobacco is still a major factor in the economy of Cagayan, though a special economic zone and free port has been created to strengthen and diversify the provincial economy.

During the Spanish era, Cagayan Valley had a larger territory than today, then named Provincia de Cagayan. Then it included the territories of the above-mentioned provinces and the eastern parts of the Cordillera provinces of Apayao, Kalinga, Ifugao and Benguet, and the north part of Aurora. Historian and missionary Jose Burgues said, "The old Cagayan Valley comprises the province of Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya as well as the military Districts of Apayao, Itaves, Quiangan, Cayapa and Bintangan, plus the area of the Sierra Madre to the Pacific Ocean in the said trajectory."[9]

During World War II, at Balete Pass in Nueva Vizcaya, the retreating Japanese Imperial Army under General Tomoyuki Yamashita dug in and held on for three months against the American and Filipino forces who eventually drove them out; the pass is now called Dalton Pass in honor of General Dalton, USA, who was killed in the fighting.

When the Cordillera Administrative Region was formed in 1987 under Corazon Aquino, the indigenous provinces of Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao were transferred into the newly formed region, until the latter was divided into 2 present provinces of Kalinga and Apayao in 1995.

Geography

Northern Luzon topography showing Cagayan Valley

Cagayan Valley is the large mass of land in the northeastern region of Luzon, comprising the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, and the Batanes group of islands. It is bordered to the west by the Cordillera mountain range, to the east by the Sierra Madre, to the south by the Caraballo Mountains, and to the north by the Luzon Strait.

The region contains two landlocked provinces, Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya, which are ruggedly mountainous and heavily forested. Nueva Vizcaya is the remnant of the southern province created when Cagayan Province was divided in two in 1839. They are ethnically and linguistically diverse, with a substrate of Agtas, Negritos who are food-gatherers with no fixed abodes, overlaid by Ilongots and others in a number of tribes, some of whom were fierce head-hunters (they have given up the practice), with the latest but largest element of the population being the Ilocanos, closely followed by the Ibanags.

Administrative divisions

Cagayan Valley comprises five provinces, one independent city, three component cities, 89 municipalities, and 2,311 barangays.[5]

Provinces

Political map of Cagayan Valley
Province Capital Largest settlement Population (2020 census)[10] Area[11] Density Cities Muni. Barangay
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Batanes Basco 0.5% 18,831 219.01 84.56 86 220 0 6 29
Cagayan Tuguegarao City 34.4% 1,268,603 9,295.75 3,589.11 140 360 1 28 820
Isabela Ilagan 46.0% 1,697,050 12,414.93 4,793.43 140 360 3 34 1,055
Nueva Vizcaya Bayombong 13.5% 497,432 3,975.67 1,535.01 130 340 0 15 275
Quirino Cabarroguis Diffun 5.5% 203,828 3,323.47 1,283.20 61 160 0 6 132
Total 3,685,744 28,228.83 10,899.21 130 310 4 89 2,311

• Figures for Isabela include the independent component city of Santiago.

Governors and vice governors
Province Image Governor Political Party Vice Governor
Marilou Cayco Liberal Ignacio C. Villa
Manuel N. Mamba Nacionalista Melvin K. Vargas, Jr.
Isabela
 Rodolfo Albano III PDP–Laban Faustino G. Dy III
Carlos Padilla Nacionalista Jose Gambito
Dakila Carlo E. Cua PDDS Julius Caesar S. Vaquilar

Cities and Municipalities

 †  Regional center
City/Municipality Population (2020)[12] Area[6] Density Class Income class Province
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Abulug 34,579 162.60 62.78 210 540 Municipality 3rd Cagayan
Aglipay 30,714 161.70 62.43 190 490 Municipality 3rd Quirino
Alcala 41,295 187.20 72.28 220 570 Municipality 3rd Cagayan
Alfonso Castañeda 8,539 375.40 144.94 23 60 Municipality 1st Nueva Vizcaya
Alicia 73,874 154.10 59.50 480 1,200 Municipality 1st Isabela
Allacapan 35,234 306.80 118.46 110 280 Municipality 3rd Cagayan
Ambaguio 15,472 156.26 60.33 99 260 Municipality 5th Nueva Vizcaya
Amulung 50,336 264.51 102.13 190 490 Municipality 2nd Cagayan
Angadanan 44,977 204.40 78.92 220 570 Municipality 3rd Isabela
Aparri 68,839 286.64 110.67 240 620 Municipality 1st Cagayan
Aritao 42,197 265.60 102.55 160 410 Municipality 2nd Nueva Vizcaya
Aurora 36,621 115.56 44.62 330 850 Municipality 3rd Isabela
Bagabag 37,985 183.90 71.00 210 540 Municipality 2nd Nueva Vizcaya
Baggao 87,753 920.60 355.45 95 250 Municipality 1st Cagayan
Ballesteros 34,488 120.00 46.33 290 750 Municipality 4th Cagayan
Bambang 55,789 345.00 133.21 160 410 Municipality 1st Nueva Vizcaya
Basco 9,517 49.46 19.10 190 490 Municipality 5th Batanes
Bayombong 67,714 136.00 52.51 500 1,300 Municipality 1st Nueva Vizcaya
Benito Soliven 29,752 184.40 71.20 160 410 Municipality 4th Isabela
Buguey 32,148 164.50 63.51 200 520 Municipality 3rd Cagayan
Burgos 26,040 73.10 28.22 360 930 Municipality 4th Isabela
Cabagan 53,897 430.40 166.18 130 340 Municipality 1st Isabela
Cabarroguis 33,533 260.20 100.46 130 340 Municipality 3rd Quirino
Cabatuan 39,990 72.00 27.80 560 1,500 Municipality 3rd Isabela
Calayan 17,410 164.50 63.51 110 280 Municipality 3rd Cagayan
Camalaniugan 25,236 76.50 29.54 330 850 Municipality 4th Cagayan
Cauayan 143,403 336.40 129.88 430 1,100 Component city 3rd Isabela
Claveria 31,900 194.80 75.21 160 410 Municipality 3rd Cagayan
Cordon 46,477 144.00 55.60 320 830 Municipality 3rd Isabela
Delfin Albano 29,928 189.00 72.97 160 410 Municipality 4th Isabela
Diadi 19,236 181.20 69.96 110 280 Municipality 4th Nueva Vizcaya
Diffun 56,102 320.10 123.59 180 470 Municipality 2nd Quirino
Dinapigue 5,821 574.40 221.78 10 26 Municipality 1st Isabela
Divilacan 5,827 889.49 343.43 6.6 17 Municipality 2nd Isabela
Dupax del Norte 33,295 347.30 134.09 96 250 Municipality 3rd Nueva Vizcaya
Dupax del Sur 21,224 374.70 144.67 57 150 Municipality 2nd Nueva Vizcaya
Echague 88,410 680.80 262.86 130 340 Municipality 1st Isabela
Enrile 36,705 184.50 71.24 200 520 Municipality 3rd Cagayan
Gamu 30,655 129.40 49.96 240 620 Municipality 4th Isabela
Gattaran 58,874 707.50 273.17 83 210 Municipality 1st Cagayan
Gonzaga 41,680 567.43 219.09 73 190 Municipality 1st Cagayan
Iguig 30,060 108.10 41.74 280 730 Municipality 4th Cagayan
Ilagan City 158,218 1,166.26 450.30 140 360 Component city 1st Isabela
Itbayat 3,128 83.13 32.10 38 98 Municipality 5th Batanes
Ivana 1,407 16.54 6.39 85 220 Municipality 6th Batanes
Jones 45,628 670.14 258.74 68 180 Municipality 1st Isabela
Kasibu 41,776 318.80 123.09 130 340 Municipality 3rd Nueva Vizcaya
Kayapa 26,469 482.90 186.45 55 140 Municipality 3rd Nueva Vizcaya
Lal-lo 48,733 702.80 271.35 69 180 Municipality 1st Cagayan
Lasam 41,225 213.70 82.51 190 490 Municipality 3rd Cagayan
Luna 20,697 45.70 17.64 450 1,200 Municipality 5th Isabela
Maconacon 3,977 538.66 207.98 7.4 19 Municipality 3rd Isabela
Maddela 40,943 918.57 354.66 45 120 Municipality 1st Quirino
Mahatao 1,703 12.90 4.98 130 340 Municipality 6th Batanes
Mallig 32,208 133.40 51.51 240 620 Municipality 4th Isabela
Nagtipunan 25,399 1,607.40 620.62 16 41 Municipality 1st Quirino
Naguilian 33,788 169.81 65.56 38 98 Municipality 4th Isabela
Palanan 17,684 880.24 339.86 20 52 Municipality 1st Isabela
Pamplona 24,781 173.30 66.91 140 360 Municipality 4th Cagayan
Peñablanca 50,300 1,193.20 460.70 42 110 Municipality 1st Cagayan
Piat 24,805 139.60 53.90 180 470 Municipality 4th Cagayan
Quezon 27,037 189.90 73.32 140 360 Municipality 4th Isabela
Quezon 24,055 187.50 72.39 130 340 Municipality 4th Nueva Vizcaya
Quirino 25,023 126.20 48.73 200 520 Municipality 4th Isabela
Ramon 56,523 135.17 52.19 420 1,100 Municipality 2nd Isabela
Reina Mercedes 27,900 57.14 22.06 490 1,300 Municipality 4th Isabela
Rizal 19,077 124.40 48.03 150 390 Municipality 5th Cagayan
Roxas 65,839 184.80 71.35 360 930 Municipality 1st Isabela
Sabtang 1,696 40.70 15.71 42 110 Municipality 6th Batanes
Saguday 17,137 55.50 21.43 310 800 Municipality 5th Quirino
San Agustin 22,096 278.40 107.49 79 200 Municipality 3rd Isabela
San Guillermo 20,915 325.49 125.67 64 170 Municipality 4th Isabela
San Isidro 27,044 71.90 27.76 380 980 Municipality 5th Isabela
San Manuel 34,085 112.77 43.54 300 780 Municipality 4th Isabela
San Mariano 60,124 1,469.50 567.38 41 110 Municipality 1st Isabela
San Mateo 66,663 120.60 46.56 550 1,400 Municipality 1st Isabela
San Pablo 26,320 637.90 246.29 41 110 Municipality 2nd Isabela
Sanchez-Mira 26,164 198.80 76.76 130 340 Municipality 3rd Cagayan
Santa Ana 35,688 441.30 170.39 81 210 Municipality 2nd Cagayan
Santa Fe 18,276 399.81 154.37 46 120 Municipality 3rd Nueva Vizcaya
Santa Maria 25,758 140.00 54.05 180 470 Municipality 4th Isabela
Santa Praxedes 4,434 109.97 42.46 40 100 Municipality 5th Cagayan
Santa Teresita 19,573 166.98 64.47 120 310 Municipality 4th Cagayan
Santiago City [1] 148,580 275.00 106.18 540 1,400 Independent component city 1st Isabela
Santo Niño 28,537 512.90 198.03 56 150 Municipality 2nd Cagayan
Santo Tomas 24,528 60.70 23.44 400 1,000 Municipality 4th Isabela
Solana 88,445 234.60 90.58 380 980 Municipality 1st Cagayan
Solano 65,287 139.80 53.98 470 1,200 Municipality 1st Nueva Vizcaya
Tuao 63,970 215.50 83.21 300 780 Municipality 1st Cagayan
† Tuguegarao City 166,334 144.80 55.91 1,100 2,800 Component city 3rd Cagayan
Tumauini 70,743 467.30 180.43 150 390 Municipality 1st Isabela
Uyugan 1,380 16.28 6.29 85 220 Municipality 6th Batanes
Villaverde 20,118 81.50 31.47 250 650 Municipality 5th Nueva Vizcaya

1 Santiago City is administratively and legally independent from the province of Isabela as stated in Section 25 of the LGC.[13]

Demographics

Population census of Cagayan Valley
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 295,211—    
1918 348,332+1.11%
1939 600,151+2.62%
1948 669,006+1.21%
1960 1,035,750+3.71%
1970 1,462,723+3.51%
1975 1,665,245+2.63%
1980 1,919,091+2.88%
1990 2,340,545+2.01%
1995 2,536,035+1.51%
2000 2,813,159+2.25%
2007 3,051,487+1.13%
2010 3,229,163+2.08%
2015 3,451,410+1.28%
2020 3,685,744+1.30%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[14]
Population percentage
(2020)
Batanes: 18,831 (0.5%)Cagayan: 1,268,603 (34.4%)Isabela: 1,697,050 (46.0%)Nueva Vizcaya: 497,432 (13.5%)Quirino: 203,828 (5.5%)
  •   Batanes: 18,831 (0.5%)
  •   Cagayan: 1,268,603 (34.4%)
  •   Isabela: 1,697,050 (46.0%)
  •   Nueva Vizcaya: 497,432 (13.5%)
  •   Quirino: 203,828 (5.5%)

Languages

Ilocano is the main lingua franca (orally) of the region. Other languages include Ibanag and Ivatan, the main language of Batanes. The use of Tagalog and English also serve as the region’s language in education, governance, tourism, popular culture, and commerce inside and outside the region. The Tagalog dialect spoken in Palanan, Isabela is Baler dialect, because Tagalogs were the first indigenous settlers in Palanan who arrived from Baler in present Aurora province.

Economy

Poverty Incidence of Cagayan Valley
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Rice fields in Nueva Vizcaya
A view of Tuguegarao, Cagayan as seen in April 2011

The province of Isabela and the city of Santiago[22] are notably the most progressive province and richest city in the region, respectively.[23][24][25] Isabela was the 9th richest province in the Philippines in 2021, being the only province from the region to be included in the list.[26][27][28][29][30]

The city of Tuguegarao is the center of excellence in education, commerce, trade and culture and as the economic center of the region, the city continuously aims for outstanding performance and competence in administration, citizen participation, community and economic development, cultural arts, education, fiscal management, infrastructure, intergovernmental cooperation, planning, public safety, recreation and leisure services, social services, and technology. Its economy gradually shifted from agriculture to secondary/tertiary economic activities such as trading, commerce and services. The shift was ushered by city's role as the Regional Government Center and Center of Commerce in Northern Luzon.[31][32][33]

Tuguegarao City was included to be one of the digital cities for 2025 to sustain the rapid growth of the Information Technology and Business Process Management and to promote development in the city. The program (Digital Cities 2025) was created through a partnership between the DICT, the IT and Business Process Association of the Philippines (IBPAP), and Leechiu Property Consultants (LPC).[34]

Cauayan is a component city in the province of Isabela. It is dubbed as the Ideal City of the North and the host city for the proposed Isabela Special Economic Zone and the Regional Agro-Industrial Growth Center.[35] It is the home of Cosmos Bottling Corporation, now acquired by the giant multinational business conglomerate San Miguel Corporation manufactures soft drinks in the area and the Mega Asia Bottling Corporation with its newly built plant for RC Cola brand. It is also here where the regional sales offices of several multi-national companies are located. As a young city, it has enormous potential for small to large enterprises and its real estate industry is just beginning. Medium size commercial centers or subdivisions are the appropriate ventures to put up.[36][37]

Ilagan is a component city and the capital of the province of Isabela. The city is the Corn Capital of the Philippines and has been considered as the Primary Growth Center of Region 2.[38][39][40] Most of the industries in the city are agri-based. Over the past decades, there has been a great number of local investments in poultry and hog raising. There are several poultry contract growers and small and medium scale hog raisers in the city. Other support facilities, warehouses and small and big rice mills, strategically located in the different barangays of the city to address the storage needs of farmers during the harvest season. Of all cities in the country, Ilagan ranks as the top producer of corn.[41] As an agriculture-based city, it produces ample supply of corn, rice, vegetables and legumes. Fruits like the banana are year-round products especially in the mountainous areas of the city. Ilagan also produces seasonal fruits such as mangoes and pomelo. Commerce and trade is considered to be the city's second economic-based income. It is also the hub of the Coca-Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc., one of the industrial complexes in the region.[42][43]

Solano is a first class municipality and the main commercial and financial center of the province of Nueva Vizcaya. It also has the most fast food restaurants chains and the most banks among the municipalities in the entire region. According to the 2016 Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index conducted by the National Competitiveness Council, Solano took the 25th spot overall and ranked 30th among the first class and second class municipalities in the Philippines. This further solidified the status of Solano as the undisputed premier town of Cagayan Valley being the premier town in Nueva Vizcaya and the fastest-growing municipality in the region.[44][45][46]

Cagayan has several attractions which include beaches, swimming, snorkeling, skin-diving, fishing in the river and the sea, hiking in primeval forest, mountain-climbing, archaeological sites, the collection of the provincial museum, the Callao Caves, and many churches. The Cagayan Economic Zone Authority (CEZA) is situated in Santa Ana, Cagayan.

Quirino is the youngest province in the region. With its agricultural based nature, the vast vegetative agricultural covers reveal the major source of living of the people. Farming has been the main industry in the province, with rice and corn as major crops as with other provinces in the region. Virgin forest and wealthy bodies of water have been great contributors in its development. Small scale industries like furniture making, basketry, rattan craft, and dried/fossilized flower production, where the province was famously known, are prevalent. Banana products also sold in and out the province and also for export purposes. The small scale business and associations also make their own products like banana chips, peanuts, patupats and others. The province also produces a substantial amount of fruits/crops like mango, citrus, pineapple, coffee, coconut, papaya, lanzones, rambutan and vegetables.[47][48]

The province of Nueva Vizcaya has basically an agricultural economy with commerce, trade, and industry contributing to its growth and development. Among other major economic activities are farming and cattle and swine raising. Primary crops are palay and corn. The province produces quality onions and vegetables often sold in Metro Manila. Oranges and mangoes are now major crops being exported fresh to other Asian countries; earning its title as the Citrus Capital of the Philippines.[49][50]

Batanes is the northernmost and smallest province in the region as well as in the whole Philippines. It is the only province located outside the mainland Cagayan Valley. Due to its geographical location, fishing is considered as a major industry and source of livelihood for the people. Garlic and cattle are major export crops. Ivatans also plant camote (sweet potato), cassava, gabi or tuber and a unique variety of white uvi. Sugarcane is raised to produce palek, a kind of native wine, and vinegar. Tourism also contributes to the province's thriving economy.[51]

Agriculture

Cagayan Valley being the country’s second largest region in terms of land area. As of 2022, Cagayan Valley region remains to be the top producer of corn in the whole country and second in rice production.[52][53] Isabela is now dubbed as the top producer of Corn in the Philippines and the Rice Granary of the North.[54][55]

Trade and industry

In 2014, retail giants like Robinsons Land and SM Prime opened its pioneer malls in the region, the Robinsons Place Santiago and SM City Cauayan in Santiago City and Cauayan respectively.[56][57] The two retail companies further strengthened their presence in the region with the opening of SM Center Tuguegarao Downtown[58] in 2017 and Robinsons Place Tuguegarao[59] in 2018, both are located in the region's capital, Tuguegarao City. In 2022, SM Prime opened SM City Tuguegarao, its third in the region and second in Tuguegarao City.[60]

In 2018, Vista Land and Life Scapes, Inc. announced the establishment of its first high-end mall in the region that is Vista Mall Santiago in Santiago City, and they are also putting up Vista Mall in Tuguegarao City it will be second on the region after Vista Mall Santiago.[61][62]

Aquaculture and fishing industry

On January 11, 2008, the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) stated that tilapia (species of cichlid fishes from the tilapiine cichlid tribe) production grew and Cagayan Valley is now the Philippines' tilapia capital (Saint Peter's fish).[63][64] [65] Production supply grew 37.25% since 2003, with 14,000 metric tons (MT) in 2007. The recent aquaculture congress found that the growth of tilapia production was due to government interventions: provision of fast-growing species, accreditation of private hatcheries to ensure supply of quality fingerlings, establishment of demonstration farms, providing free fingerlings to newly constructed fishponds, and the dissemination of tilapia to Nueva Vizcaya (in Diadi town). Cagayan Valley is one of the largest tilapia producing regions in the country,[66] with Isabela as the leading producer.[67][68] The development of the tilapia farming industry in the province came about with the water supply provided by the Magat Reservoir for irrigating rice fields. The high demand for food fish in the region was also a contributing factor. Based on the data from the Bureau Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in 2020, there are about 1,000 hectares of freshwater ponds in Isabela, producing around 16,000 metric tons of tilapia a year.[69][70][71]

Cagayan’s coastline is one of the longest in the country having almost 73% of Cagayan Valley Region’s coastal seaboards. This is aside from the large rivers and their tributaries, lakes, creeks and streams which are also rich fishing and aquaculture grounds. Untapped coastal fishing grounds stretch from the towns of Santa Praxedes in the west to Santa Ana on the east, on its northern coast facing the Babuyan Channel;[72][73] and from Santa Ana down to Peñablanca on its eastern coast facing the Philippine Sea.[74] Despite this endowment, the province’s fish production is not even enough to supply and sustain its own fish requirements. Deep sea fishing is not a common occurrence in the province – thus, foreign poachers are the ones reaping the bounties of its seas. Cagayan’s deep seas are known for species like tuna, tuna-like fishes, hairtail, snapper, scad, slipmouth, mullet, grouper, shrimp, squid, and lobsters. The inland waters are used primarily by subsistence fishermen. Few privately-operated fishponds and fish cages contribute to the overall fish supply of the Province.[75]

The coastal waters of Isabela are big sources of marine life that could supply the fish requirements of the region, according to a study commissioned by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). The study stated that Isabela waters are rich in untapped fisheries and marine resources and also has extensive sea grass beds and coral reefs that are home to variety of fish species which include sardines and mackerel and have sizable chunks of oceanic tunas, which thrive throughout the year. The fishing ground has 238 marine fish species. High species diversity could be an indication that the habitat is still good and undisturbed.[76][77][78]

The fishing industry in Cagayan Valley has been in perturbed condition owing to the declining pattern of production for the past years.[79] Since 2015, average annual reduction in fisheries production in the region was estimated at about three thousand metric tons or more than five percent decrease per year. In 2020, the latest estimated production at 45,382 metric tons is 4.6 percent lower than the 2018 total fish production of 47,572 metric tons and almost one third lower than the highest production realized in 2011 at 64,876 metric tons.[80][81]

By fishing grounds classification in the region, there is an inland municipal fisheries production and marine municipal fisheries production, the latter, particularly in provinces with coastal areas in the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela and Batanes. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), inland municipal production for 2021 has gone up close to 2,000 metric tons, while marine municipal production reached close to 3,300 metric tons, both as an initial production in the first quarter of 2020.[82]

According to the Bureau Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), since 2010 to 2015, the fish sufficiency level in Cagayan Valley is on downtrend level because of the various threats to the industry. Several problems have affected the sector in the recent years including the weather disturbances, use of illegal fishing gears and methods and the increasing demand of a fast-growing population. The provinces of Batanes and Cagayan have passed the 100 percent sufficiency level at 138 percent while Cagayan recorded 96 percent. However, the performances of Isabela, Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya at 17 percent, 11 percent and 10 percent, respectively, have affected the total performance of the region. Data obtained from the Bureau Fisheries and Aquatic Resources showed that from 2006 to 2015, the sufficiency level has dropped significantly in 2010 until it reached its lowest level at 44 percent in the last five years.[83][84] However, the overall fisheries production in the region grew by one percent in 3rd Quarter of 2020. From the total output of 11,954 metric tons in 2019, it accelerated to 12,075 metric tons in 2020.[85]

Citrus industry

Cagayan Valley is positioned to become the country's Citrus Capital through a program undertaken by the Nueva Vizcaya State University (NVSU) with funding from the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development of the Department of Science and Technology (DoST-PCAARRD). The country's domestic supply of citrus is currently insufficient to meet local demand, according to DoST-PCAARRD, due to "high incidence of pest and diseases, poor orchard management, and low adoption of improved management practices, among many other factors." The NVSU's citrus research and development program includes yield improvement, setting up a gene bank, and value chain analysis. It targets a 233% increase in yield — from 4.5 tons per hectare ha (t/ha) to 15 t/ha — and a 60% reduction in post-harvest losses from 25% to 10% by 2019. The targets are part of the Citrus Industry Strategic S&T Program (ISP) of DoST-PCAARRD. By the end of 2017, the program team is expected to produce value chain maps for calamansi, orange, and pomelo in the region; characterize fifteen species for the database system of the gene bank study; improve NVSU and Municipal Agriculture Office (MAGRO) citrus nurseries producing 10,000 and 2,000 budded seedlings, respectively; establish new 1-hectare orchard with planting materials from NVSU; and generate data on the description of local citrus pests and diseases.[86][87]

Infrastructure

Roads and Bridges

  • Pigalo Bridge - The Pigalo Bridge traverses over the Cagayan River in Angadanan, Isabela. This bridge also connects the two municipalities of Angadanan, Northeast Isabela and San Guillermo, Isabela at Southwest. The proposed construction of the Pigolo Bridge approaches the span of about 450 lin. meters across the Cagayan River, the project started on April 10, 2017, and was completed on April 29, 2019.[88]
  • Buntun Bridge - Buntun Bridge took three administrations to finish the construction from 1960 to 1969 connecting the municipality of Solana and Tuguegarao City. considered to be one of the longest bridge in the country crossing the longest river in the country called Cagayan River also known as the Rio Grande de Cagayan. The bridge was stretched to 1,369 m (meters) in length.[89]

Image gallery

  • Sierra Madre mountains at Palanan
    Sierra Madre mountains at Palanan
  • Landscape of Batanes
    Landscape of Batanes
  • Eastern coast of Isabela
    Eastern coast of Isabela
  • Tuguegarao Cathedral
  • Northern coast of Cagayan
    Northern coast of Cagayan
  • Northern end of the Sierra Madre with Palaui Island in the background
    Northern end of the Sierra Madre with Palaui Island in the background
  • Batanes coastline in Batan Island
    Batanes coastline in Batan Island

See also

References

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External links

  • Media related to Cagayan Valley at Wikimedia Commons
  • Cagayan Valley travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • Geographic data related to Cagayan Valley at OpenStreetMap Edit this at Wikidata
Places adjacent to Cagayan Valley
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Cagayan Valley (Region II)
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