Callinicus IV of Constantinople
Callinicus IV | |
---|---|
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople | |
Church | Church of Constantinople |
Appointed | 16 Jan 1757 |
Term ended | 22 July 1757 |
Predecessor | Cyril V |
Successor | Serapheim II |
Personal details | |
Born | Constantine Mavrikios 1713 Zagora, Ottoman Greece |
Died | 1791 (aged 77–78) Zagora, Ottoman Greece |
Previous post(s) | Metropolitan of Brăila |
Callinicus IV (Greek: Καλλίνικος), born Constantine Mavrikios (Κωνσταντῖνος Μαυρίκιος; 1713–1791) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for a few months in 1757 and a writer and scholar.
Callinicus IV is sometime numbered as Callinicus III because his predecessor Callinicus, who was elected in 1726 but died before being enthroned, is sometimes not counted amongst the patriarchs.[a]
Life
Constantine Mavrikios (Callinicus is his religious name) was born in Zagora, Greece in 1713 and in 1728 he moved to Istanbul. In 1740, he was ordained a deacon and on 28 August 1741 he was appointed Great Protosyncellus of the Patriarchate. On 23 September 1743, he was appointed the Metropolitan Bishop of Proilavo (i.e. Brăila, in Romania), a position he kept till 1748 when he returned to Istanbul.[6]
His years in Istanbul were marked by the polemic debate in the Orthodox community about whether converts the Roman Catholic and Armenian Apostolic Churches needed to be re-baptised. These communities were particularly numerous after the Ottoman–Venetian War wherein the Ottoman Empire reconquered the Venetian-ruled Peloponnese.
The supporters of the invalidity of Catholic and Armenian baptisms, and consequently of the need to re-baptize, were Patriarch Cyril V supported by some scholars such as Eugenios Voulgaris and Eustratios Argenti, and a large portion of the populace, instigated by the demagogic monk Auxentios.[3] The opposition to re-baptism was formed by the larger part of the Metropolitans led by Callinicus. Their position was not due to compliance with the Latins, but rather that they considered the re-baptisms an innovation not envisaged by the ancient canons and contrary to the liturgical praxis.
When the Holy Synod voted on 28 April 1755 against the positions of Cyril V, the latter exiled the members of the Holy Synod who were contrary to his view.[7] Callinicus was persecuted and had to escape. In 1755, Cyril V issued his formal "Oros (Tome) of the Holy Great Church of Christ" which required re-baptism for all converts in any case.
In 1756, Callinicus took refuge in the French embassy in Istanbul, and here he obtained a large amount of money which was given to the Sultan Osman III. This resulted in Cyril's deposition on 16 January 1757 and in the appointment of Callinicus to the Patriarchate.[7] However, his appointment was strongly opposed by a mob, and his enthronement could be celebrated only with the presence of Ottoman soldiers. After the ceremony, the mob tried unsuccessfully to seize him.[7] This opposition to Callinicus hindered any attempt of him to retire the Oros, and his position was so difficult that he had to resign 22 July 1757,[4] in favor of Serapheim II who remained neutral on the issue.[3]
After his resignation, Callinicus was exiled to Limnos and later to the Sinai where he stayed in the Saint Catherine's Monastery. In this obligatory residence, he worked in the ancient library of the Monastery. In January 1761, he escaped and returned on the slay in Istanbul, where he obtained to be forgiven, and in October 1763 he returned to his birth town, Zagora.[6]
The last period of his life was passed in Zagora, where he founded the local library and devoted himself to patristics studies and to writing.[8] He died in Zagora in 1791.
Notes
References
- ^ Gedeon, Manuel (1890). Πατριαρχικοί Πίνακες (in Greek). Lorenz & Keil. p. [page needed].
- ^ Janin, R. (1914). "Anthime II". Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. p. [page needed].
- ^ a b c Runciman, Steven (1985). The Great Church in captivity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 358–9. ISBN 978-0-521-31310-0.
- ^ a b Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate. Wildside Press LLC. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4344-5876-6.
- ^ "Καλλίνικος Γ´" (in Greek). Official website of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
- ^ a b Λιναριτακησ, Εμμανουηλ (1996). Οικουμενικός Πατριάρχης Καλλίνικος ο Γ΄ (Δ΄) και το θέμα του αναβαπτισμού (Thesis). Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki (AUTH). pp. 407-408 and abstract. Retrieved 21 June 2011.(in Greek)
- ^ a b c Frazee, Charles (2006). Catholics and sultans : the church and the Ottoman Empire, 1453-1923. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 161–2. ISBN 0-521-02700-4.
- ^ "Οικουμενικός Πατριάρχης Καλλίνικος ο Γ΄ (Δ΄)". Zagora Public Historical Library. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2011.(in Greek)
Sources
- Frazee, Charles A. (2006) [1983]. Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521027007.
- v
- t
- e
(Roman period, 38–330 AD)
(Roman period, 330–451 AD)
(Byzantine period, 451–1453 AD)
- Anatolius
- Gennadius I
- Acacius
- Fravitta
- Euphemius
- Macedonius II
- Timothy I
- John II
- Epiphanius
- Anthimus I
- Menas
- Eutychius
- John III
- John IV
- Cyriacus II
- Thomas I
- Sergius I
- Pyrrhus
- Paul II
- Peter
- Thomas II
- John V
- Constantine I
- Theodore I
- George I
- Paul III
- Callinicus I
- Cyrus
- John VI
- Germanus I
- Anastasius
- Constantine II
- Nicetas I
- Paul IV
- Tarasius
- Nicephorus I
- Theodotus I
- Antony I
- John VII
- Methodius I
- Ignatios
- Photios I
- Stephen I
- Antony II
- Nicholas I
- Εuthymius I
- Stephen II
- Tryphon
- Theophylact
- Polyeuctus
- Βasil I
- Αntony III
- Nicholas II
- Sisinnius II
- Sergius II
- Eustathius
- Alexius
- Michael I
- Constantine III
- John VIII
- Cosmas I
- Eustratius
- Nicholas III
- John IX
- Leo
- Michael II
- Cosmas II
- Nicholas IV
- Theodotus II
- Neophytus I
- Constantine IV
- Luke
- Michael III
- Chariton
- Theodosius I
- Basil II
- Nicetas II
- Leontius
- Dositheus
- George II
- John X
- Michael IV†
- Theodore II†
- Maximus II†
- Μanuel I†
- Germanus II†
- Methodius II†
- Manuel II†
- Arsenius†
- Nicephorus II†
- Germanus III
- Joseph I
- John XI
- Gregory II
- Athanasius I
- John XII
- Nephon I
- John XIII
- Gerasimus I
- Isaias
- John XIV
- Isidore I
- Callistus I
- Philotheus
- Macarius
- Nilus
- Antony IV
- Callistus II
- Matthew I
- Euthymius II
- Joseph II
- Metrophanes II
- Gregory III
- Athanasius II
(Ottoman period, 1453–1923 AD)
- Gennadius II
- Isidore II
- Joasaph I
- Sophronius I
- Mark II
- Symeon I
- Dionysius I
- Raphael I
- Maximus III
- Nephon II
- Maximus IV
- Joachim I
- Pachomius I
- Theoleptus I
- Jeremias I
- Joannicius I
- Dionysius II
- Joasaph II
- Metrophanes III
- Jeremias II
- Pachomius II
- Theoleptus II
- Matthew II
- Gabriel I
- Theophanes I
- Meletius I
- Neophytus II
- Raphael II
- Cyril I
- Timothy II
- Gregory IV
- Anthimus II
- Cyril II
- Athanasius III
- Neophytus III
- Parthenius I
- Parthenius II
- Joannicius II
- Cyril III
- Paisius I
- Parthenius III
- Gabriel II
- Parthenius IV
- Dionysius III
- Clement
- Methodius III
- Dionysius IV
- Gerasimus II
- Athanasius IV
- James
- Callinicus II
- Neophytus IV
- Gabriel III
- Neophytus V
- Cyprianus
- Athanasius V
- Cyril IV
- Cosmas III
- Jeremias III
- (Callinicus III)
- Paisius II
- Seraphim I
- Neophytus VI
- Cyril V
- Callinicus IV (III)
- Seraphim II
- Joannicius III
- Samuel
- Meletius II
- Theodosius II
- Sophronius II
- Gabriel IV
- Procopius
- Neophytus VII
- Gerasimus III
- Gregory V
- Callinicus V (IV)
- Jeremias IV
- Cyril VI
- Eugenius II
- Anthimus III
- Chrysanthus
- Agathangelus
- Constantius I
- Constantius II
- Gregory VI
- Anthimus IV
- Anthimus V
- Germanus IV
- Meletius III
- Anthimus VI
- Cyril VII
- Joachim II
- Sophronius III
- Joachim III
- Joachim IV
- Dionysius V
- Neophytus VIII
- Anthimus VII
- Constantine V
- Germanus V
- Meletius IV
(Turkish period, since 1923 AD)
- † in exile at Nicaea
- Christianity portal