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Candelariella

Candelariella
Candelariella vitellina
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Candelariomycetes
Order: Candelariales
Family: Candelariaceae
Genus: Candelariella
Müll.Arg. (1894)
Type species
Candelariella vitellina
(Ehrh.) Müll.Arg. (1894)
Species

See text

Candelariella is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae.[1] Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens,[2] goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens.[3]

Taxonomy

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The genus was circumscribed in 1894 by Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis, with Candelariella vitellina assigned as the type species.[4]

In recent years, taxonomic research (aided by molecular data) has led to a surge in newly described Candelariella species. Since the 2000s, over a dozen species have been added to the genus, reflecting renewed interest and improved methods in lichen systematics. For instance, C. blastidiata (2017)[5] and C. flavosorediata (2021)[6] were discovered in Asia and Africa, respectively, followed by C. ruzgarii from Antarctica (2023)[7] and C. ahtii from Asia (2024).[8] This flurry of recent additions brings the total number of Candelariella species to around 40 as of 2025.[9]

The 2025 analysis also resolved some nomenclature issues. It merged Candelariella makarevichiae (described 2018 from Korea[10]) and C. subsquamulosa (2019, S. Korea[11]) into synonymy with C. xanthostigmoides, since genetic data showed they belong to the same species. Several other sorediate species remain poorly known – for example, C. sorediosa (from the Himalayas), C. flavosorediata (Réunion), and C. magellanica (southern South America) – and lack molecular data. Ongoing research is needed to determine how these relate to the core Candelariella lineage.[9]

Characteristics

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The key feature of Candelariella species are the distinct yellow apothecia.[3] Although all species are very small, even the smallest can be identified by the lemon-yellow to orange-yellow discs. Most species have a yellow thallus, although Candelariella antennaria is one example with a grey thallus. Some species are pycnidiate. This genus will generally have all spot tests emerge as negative, although K tests may have an orange or reddish colour on some species' apothecia.[12]

Spore count between species varies from 8 to 32 simply or thinly septate spores. Spores often hold one to two oil drops.[12]

Habitat and distribution

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Candelariella species are found across the globe, although most commonly described in North America, Asia, and Australia. Species can be found on calcareous and non-calcareous rock, soil, tree bark, mosses, and other lichens. While some species may grow only on rock, and others only on trees, the more generalist species can be found in a variety of locations.[12]

Species interactions

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As of 2016, 16 lichenicolous fungi have been documented parasitising species of the genus Candellariella. These are: Tremella candelariellae, Polysporina subfuscescens, Sarcogyne sphaeospora, Arthonia almquistii, Caloplaca grimmiae, Carbonea vitellinaria, Trichonectria furcatosetosa, Lichenochora arctica, Sarcopyrenia cylindrospora, Zwackhiomyces lecanorae, Phoma candelariellae, Henfellra muriformis, Ascochyta candelariellicola, Taeniolella delicata, Intralichen christiansenii, and Intralichen lichenicola.[13]

Species

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Candelariella aggregata
Candelariella xanthostigma

References

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  1. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  2. ^ Name Search Results for Scientific Name Candelariella, USDA
  3. ^ a b Sharnoff, S. (2014). Field Guide to California Lichens. Yale University Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2.
  4. ^ Müller, J. (1894). "Conspectus systematicus lichenum Novae Zelandiae". Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier (in Latin). 2 (App. 1): 11, 47.
  5. ^ a b Yakovchenko, Lidia S.; Vondrák, Jan; Ohmura, Yoshihito; Korchikov, Evgeny S.; Vondrákova, Olga S.; Davydov, Evgeny A. (2017). "Candelariella blastidiata sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Candelariaceae) from Eurasia and North America, and a key for grey thalli Candelariella". The Lichenologist. 49 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1017/s0024282917000020.
  6. ^ a b Kalb, Klaus; Aptroot, André (2021). "New lichens from Africa" (PDF). Archive for Lichenology. 28: 1–12.
  7. ^ a b Halıcı, Mehmet Gökhan; Kahraman Yi̇ği̇T, Merve; Bölükbaşi, Ekrem; Güllü, Mithat (2023). "New record and new species of lichenized fungal genus Candelariella Müll. Arg. in Antarctica" (PDF). Polish Polar Research. 44 (1): 69–83. doi:10.24425/ppr.2022.140370.
  8. ^ a b Yakovchenko, Lidia S.; Davydov, Evgeny A. (2024). "Candelariella ahtii (Candelariaceae, Ascomycota) – a new species of lichen from Central and North-East Asia, and a key to 8-spored Candelariella". The Lichenologist. 56 (5): 287–300. doi:10.1017/S0024282924000240.
  9. ^ a b c van der Kolk, Henk-Jan; Westberg, Martin; Malíček, Jiří (2025). "Morphological and molecular data support the distinction of four sorediate corticolous Candelariella species in Europe". The Lichenologist. 57 (3–4): 144–165. doi:10.1017/S0024282925101059.
  10. ^ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J.P.; Farkas, E.; Upreti, D.K.; Thell, A.; Woo, J.-J.; Oh, S.-O.; Hur, J.-S. (2018). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 7" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 60 (1–2): 115–184. doi:10.1556/034.60.2018.1-2.8.
  11. ^ a b Liu, Dong; Wang, Lisong; Wang, Xin Yu; Hur, Jae-Seoun (2019). "Two new species of the genus Candelariella from China and Korea". Mycobiology. 47 (1): 40–49. doi:10.1080/12298093.2019.1583785. PMC 6452912. PMID 31001449.
  12. ^ a b c Westberg, M.; Nash, T.H. (2002). "Candelariella". In Nash, T.H.; Ryan, B.D.; Gries, C.; Bungartz, F. (eds.). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. 2. ISBN 978-0-9716759-0-2.
  13. ^ Hawksworth, David L.; Halıcı, Mehmet Gökhan; Kocakaya, Zekiye; Kocakaya, Mustafa (2016). "Henfellra muriformis gen. et sp. nov., a new dictyosporous pycnidial fungus on Candelariella, with a key to the lichenicolous fungi known from that genus". Herzogia. 29 (2): 329–336. doi:10.13158/heia.29.2.2016.329.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Westberg, Martin (2007). "Candelariella (Candelariaceae) in western United States and northern Mexico: the 8-spored, lecanorine species". The Bryologist. 110 (3): 391–419. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[391:cciwus]2.0.co;2.
  15. ^ Räsänen, V. (1939). "II. Contribucion a la flora liquenologica sudamericana". Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina. 128: 133–147.
  16. ^ McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (2017). "A new species and new record of Candelariella (lichenized Ascomycota, Candelariaceae) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 81: 79–85.
  17. ^ a b Westberg, Martin (2007). "Candelariella (Candelariaceae) in western United States and northern Mexico: the species with biatorine apothecia". The Bryologist. 110 (3): 365–374. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[365:cciwus]2.0.co;2.
  18. ^ Khodosovtsev, A.; Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Kärnefelt, I. (2004). "Candelariella boikoi, a new lichen species from Eurasia". Graphis Scripta. 16: 11–15.
  19. ^ Etayo, J.; Palice, Z.; Spribille, T. (2009). "Candelariella boleana, a new epiphytic species from southern and central Europe (Candelariaceae, Ascomycota)". Nova Hedwigia. 89 (3–4): 545–552. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2009/0089-0545.
  20. ^ Westberg, Martin (2007). "Candelariella (Candelariaceae) in western United States and northern Mexico: the polysporous species". The Bryologist. 110 (3): 375–390. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[375:cciwus]2.0.co;2.
  21. ^ Tripp, Erin A.; Lendemer, James C. (2015). "Erratum:Candelariella clarkii corrected to Candelariella clarkiae". The Bryologist. 118 (2): 240. doi:10.1639/bryo-118-02-240-240.1.
  22. ^ Otte, V.; Yakovchenko, L.; Clerc, Ph.; Westberg, M. (2013). "Candelariella commutata sp. nov. for C. unilocularis auct. medioeur. – an arctic-alpine lichen on calcareous substrata from the Caucasus and Europe". Herzogia. 26 (2): 217–222. doi:10.13158/heia.26.2.2013.217.
  23. ^ a b Westberg, Martin; Morse, Caleb A.; Wedin, Mats (2011). "Two new species of Candelariella and a key to the Candelariales (lichenized Ascomycetes) in North America". The Bryologist. 114 (2): 325–334. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.2.325.
  24. ^ Harris, R.C.; Buck, W.R. (1978). "Lichens of the Mackinac Straits Region. II. Candelariella Mull. Arg". The Michigan Botanist. 17: 155–161.
  25. ^ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J.P.; Roux, C.; Upreti, D.K.; Schumm, F.; Mishra, G.K.; Nayaka, S.; Farkas, E.; Park, J.S.; Lee, B.G.; Liu, D.; Woo, J.-J.; Hur, J.-S. (2017). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 6" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 59 (1–2): 137–260. doi:10.1556/034.59.2017.1-2.7.
  26. ^ Etayo, Javier; Sancho, Leopoldo G.; Gómez-Bolea, Antonio; Søchting, Ulrik; Aguirre, Fransisco; Rozzi, Ricardo (2021). "Catalogue of lichens (and some related fungi) of Navarino Island, Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile". Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia. 49: 1–110 [29]. doi:10.22352/AIP202149013.
  27. ^ Hakulinen, R. (1954). "Die Flechtengattung Candelariella Müller Argoviensis" [The lichen genus Candelariella Müller Argoviensis]. Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae "Vanamo" (in German). 27 (3): 100.
  28. ^ Rogers, R.W. (1982). "Nomenclature of some Australian lichens described as Lecanora and Placodium by Müller-Argoviensis". Muelleria. 5 (1): 31–34.