Caramuru

Portuguese colonist, instrumental in the early colonisation of Brazil

Caramuru
Sculpture by Eduardo de Sá
Born	Diogo Álvares Correia c. 1475 Viana do Castelo, Kingdom of Portugal
Died	5 October 1557 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Occupation(s)	Explorer and settler
Spouse	Catarina Paraguaçu

Caramuru (c. 1475-1557) was the Tupi name of the Portuguese colonist Diogo Álvares Correia, who is notable for being the first European to establish contact with the native Tupinambá population in modern-day Brazil and was instrumental in the early colonization of Brazil by the Portuguese crown.^[1] Notably, Caramuru's native-born wife, Catarina Paraguaçu, was the first South American native to be received at the Palace of Versailles in 1526. He and Catarina would become the first Christian family in Brazil and have three children: Gaspar, Gabriel and Jorge, all named knights by Tomé de Sousa.

Life

Correia was born in Viana do Castelo. He departed for the Portuguese colony of Brazil in 1509, probably aboard a French vessel.^[2] His ship wrecked, probably in the reefs off Rio Vermelho,^[2] and Correia found himself alone among the Tupinambá Indians. They called him "Caramuru", meaning "moray".^[2] Correia married Paraguaçu or Paraguassu, the daughter of Morubixaba (the Tupinamba's word for chief) Taparica.

During the following twenty years, Correia kept contact with European ships and used his influence on local natives to help the Portuguese crown and missionaries during the early years of colonization. In 1526, he traveled to France with his wife. Paraguaçu was baptized by Mary Catherine des Granches, wife of Jacques Cartier, under the name Katherine du Brézil, thereby creating the first Brazilian Christian family.^[2] A couple of years later, he returned to Bahia at the request of King John III of Portugal. In 1534, he assisted Francisco Pereira Coutinho, the first captain of Bahia, in establishing the settlement of Pereira (later known as Vila Velha or "Old Town") in modern Salvador's Ladeira da Barra neighborhood. By 1546, Pereira Coutinho, accused of heresy and disobedience to the Crown, having systematically mistreated the Tupinambá, had caused them to turn hostile and Correia followed him when he fled to Porto Seguro, in order to appease the situation and bring him to his senses. When they returned the next year, the ship was damaged off the southern shore of Itaparica and the survivors captured by the Tupinambá. Correia was spared but the captain was consumed in a cannibalistic feast. In 1549, Correia aided Tomé de Sousa in founding Salvador and creating the first government over all of the Brazilian colony.

He died in October 1557, was buried in the Church of Jesus, and left half of his wealth to the Jesuits. His wife Catarina Paraguaçu died in 1582. His sons Gaspar, Gabriel, and Jorge were declared knights by Governor Tomé de Sousa for their services to the Portuguese Crown. They went on to help found Cachoeira on the Paraguaçu.

In culture

The historical episode was the central theme of an epic poem by Santa Rita Durão, titled Caramuru. He was portrayed by Selton Mello in the poem's 2001 film adaptation Caramuru: A Invenção do Brasil.
Caramuru appears briefly in Mário de Andrade's 1928 novel, Macunaíma.
Caramuru is the protagonist of Emilio Salgari's adventure novel "L'uomo di fuoco" (1904), translated into Portuguese, French, Spanish, Russian.

References

^ "Bahia" , Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. III, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1878, pp. 239–240.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bacelar, Jonildo, "Caramuru: O patriarca da Nação Brasileira", Guia Geográfico: História da Bahia. (in Portuguese)

Portuguese explorers

Maritime

In service of Prince Henry	Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia Álvaro Fernandes Alvise Cadamosto Antão Gonçalves António de Noli Antoniotto Usodimare Bartolomeu Perestrelo Dinis Dias Diogo Afonso Diogo de Melo Coutinho Diogo de Silves Diogo de Teive Diogo Gomes Fernando de Castro Gil Eanes Gonçalo de Sintra Gonçalo Velho Cabral João de Trasto João Fernandes João Gonçalves Zarco Lançarote de Freitas Nuno Tristão Pedro de Sintra Tristão Vaz Teixeira
Afonso de Albuquerque Álvaro Martins André Gonçalves António de Abreu António de Faria António de Saldanha António Galvão António Mota Bartolomeu Dias Cristóvão de Mendonça Cristóvão Jacques Diogo Cão Diogo da Rocha Diogo de Azambuja Diogo Dias Diogo Fernandes Pereira Diogo Lopes de Sequeira Diogo Rodrigues Diogo Soares Duarte Fernandes Duarte Pacheco Pereira Estêvão da Gama Fernão de Loronha Fernão do Pó Fernão Gomes Fernão Mendes Pinto Fernão Pires de Andrade Francisco Serrão Gaspar Corte-Real Gaspar de Lemos Gomes de Sequeira Gonçalo Álvares Gonçalo Coelho João Afonso do Estreito João Álvares Fagundes João da Gama João da Nova João de Santarém João Fernandes Lavrador João Grego João Infante João Serrão João Vaz Corte-Real Jorge Álvares Jorge de Menezes Lopes Gonçalves Lourenço de Almeida Miguel Corte-Real Nicolau Coelho Paulo da Gama Pedro Álvares Cabral Pedro Mascarenhas Pero Dias Pero Escobar Vasco da Gama

In service of Prince Henry

Overland

Africa	Afonso de Paiva Alexandre de Serpa Pinto André Álvares de Almada Francisco Álvares Francisco Barreto Francisco de Lacerda Gonçalo da Silveira Hermenegildo Capelo Jerónimo Lobo José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta José Sapateiro Lourenço Marques Paulo Dias de Novais Pero da Covilhã Roberto Ivens Sancho de Tovar Silva Porto
Americas	Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira António Raposo Tavares Baltasar Fernandes Borba Gato Brás Cubas Diogo Álvares Correia Domingos Jorge Velho Duarte Coelho Martim Soares Moreno Pedro Teixeira
Asia	António da Madalena António de Andrade Bento de Góis Diogo Veloso Domingo Paes Estêvão Cacella Fernão Nunes Galeote Pereira João Cabral