Ceded and Conquered Provinces

Region of British India under Company rule (1805–34)

Ceded and Conquered Provinces
Region of the British Empire in India
1805–1834

Map of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces (1805). The Kumaon Division was annexed in 1816.
CapitalAgra
Area 
• 1835 (?)
9,479 km2 (3,660 sq mi)
Population 
• 1835 (?)
4,500,000
History 
• Established
1805
• Disestablished
1834
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Mughal Empire
Maratha Empire
Agra Presidency
North-Western Provinces
Today part ofPortions in
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Delhi
"A Tamarind tree at Allahabad", water color (1814) by Sita Ram, an artist who accompanied Lord Moira, Governor-General of India on a journey from Calcutta—through the Ceded and Conquered Provinces—to Delhi.

The Ceded and Conquered Provinces constituted a region in northern India that was ruled by the British East India Company from 1805 to 1834;[1] it corresponded approximately—in present-day India—to all regions in Uttar Pradesh state with the exception of the Lucknow and Faizabad divisions of Awadh; in addition, it included the Delhi territory and, after 1816, the Kumaun division and a large part[2] of the Garhwal division of present-day Uttarakhand state.[1] In 1836, the region became the North-Western Provinces (under a Lieutenant-Governor), and in 1904, the Agra Province within the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.[1]

Ceded Provinces

At the start of the 19th century, only the Benares division and the fort of Allahabad in present-day Uttar Pradesh were under British rule.[1] In 1801, the Nawab of Awadh, Saadat Ali, ceded some territory to the British in return for protection against a threat of attack from the north-west by Zaman Shah Durrani, the grandson of Ahmad Shah Durrani.[1] The territory included the Gorakhpur and Rohilkhand divisions; the districts of Allahabad, Fatehpur, Cawnpore, Etawah, Mainpuri, Etah; the southern part of Mirzapur; and the terai parganas of Kumaun, and came to be known as the Ceded Provinces.[1] A year later the Nawab of Farrukhabad ceded Farrukhabad district to the British.[1]

Conquered Provinces

A more detailed map showing the Ceded and Conquered Provinces on a later (1908) map of the United Provinces.

With the outbreak the Second Anglo-Maratha War, General Lake, took the Meerut division (including Aligarh, after the Battle of Ally Ghur), and soon, the rest of the Agra division (including Agra city), and the districts around Delhi.[1] In addition, most of the trans-Jamuna districts of Banda and Hamirpur were added, as well as a small area in Jalaun district.[1]

In 1816, under the Treaty of Sugauli signed at the conclusion of the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816), the Kumaon division and Dehradun district of present-day Uttarakhand state were annexed as well.[1]

Administration

The "Delhi Territory", shown here in a 1908 map of Punjab province, was a part of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces.

The Ceded and Conquered Provinces were a part of the Bengal Presidency of British India under the administration of the Governor-General-in-Council.[1] The great distance of the newly acquired territory from the capital of the presidency in Calcutta created administrative hitches.[3] In response, a number of temporary arrangements were attempted, but proved to be less than optimal; finally, in 1831, an independent Board of Revenue and a separate Sadr Diwani and Nizamat Adalat (Chief Civil and Criminal Courts) were created for these provinces.[3] In 1833, an Act of the British Parliament (statute 3 and 4, William IV, cap. 85) concurrently promulgated the division of the Bengal Presidency, the elevation the Ceded and Conquered Provinces to the new Presidency of Agra, and the appointment of a new Governor for the latter.[3] However, the plan was never carried out, and in 1835 another Act of Parliament (statute 5 and 6, William IV, cap. 52) renamed the region the North Western Provinces, this time to be administered by a Lieutenant-Governor, the first of whom, Sir Charles Metcalfe, would be appointed in 1836.[3]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV 1908, p. 158
  2. ^ It included the districts of Chamoli, Pauri, Dehradun, and Rudraprayag in present-day Garhwal division of Uttarakhand state; the Haridwar district of Uttarakhand had become a part of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces in 1805. The two remaining districts, Tehri Garhwal and Uttarkashi, of present-day Garhwal division of Uttarakhand state were part of the princely state of Tehri, and never a part of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces.
  3. ^ a b c d Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V 1908, p. 72

References

  • Alavi, Seema (1993), "The makings of Company power: James Skinner in the Ceded and Conquered Provinces, 1802–1840", Indian Economic and Social History Review, 30 (4): 437–466, doi:10.1177/001946469303000403, S2CID 143864350
  • Bayly, C. A. (2002), Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770–1870, Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. 530, ISBN 0-19-566345-4
  • Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V (1908), Abāzai to Arcot ("Agra Province" pp. 71–72), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. viii, 1 map, 437.
  • Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV (1908), Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437.
  • Mann, Michael (1995), "A permanent settlement for the Ceded and Conquered provinces: Revenue administration in north India, 1801-1833", Indian Economic and Social History Review, 32 (2): 245–269, doi:10.1177/001946469503200205, S2CID 143460002