Central Tagbanwa language

Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines

Central Tagbanwa
Native to	Philippines
Region	Palawan
Ethnicity	Tagbanwa people
Native speakers	(2,000 cited 1985)^[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Greater Central Philippine Palawanic Central Tagbanwa
Writing system	Tagbanwa script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`tgt`
Glottolog	`cent2090`
ELP	Central Tagbanwa

Central Tagbanwa is spoken on Palawan Island in the Philippines. It is not mutually intelligible with the other languages of the Tagbanwa people.

Phonology

Consonants

Central Tagbanwa consonants^[2]
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k	ʔ
Plosive	voiced	b	d		ɡ
Fricative		β	s			h
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Lateral			l
Rhotic			ɾ
Approximant		w		j

/t/ preceding a high front vowel /i/ is usually realized as an affricate sound [tʃ].^[3]
/k, ŋ/ tend to shift to uvular sounds [q, ɴ] when adjacent to /a/.^[4]

Vowels

Central Tagbanwa vowels^[2]
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ	u
Open		a

/ɨ/ is usually a high central vowel sound, although it is occasionally moved further back to [ɯ], or lowered to [ə].^[5]
An [o] sound is often heard when two back vowels are adjacent to one another, or as an allophone of /u/.^[5]

Grammar

Pronouns

The following set of pronouns are the personal pronouns found in the Central Tagbanwa language. Note: some forms are divided between full and short forms.

Central Tagbanwa personal pronouns^[6]^[7]
	Direct/Nominative	Indirect/Genitive	Oblique
1st person singular	ako	ko	kakɨn (kɨn)
2nd person singular	kawa (ka)	mo	kanimo (nimo)
3rd person singular	kanya	niya (ya)	kanya
1st person plural inclusive	kita	ta	katɨn
1st person plural exclusive	kami	kamɨn	kamɨn
2nd person plural	kamo	mi	kanimi
3rd person plural	tila	nila	kanila

The demonstratives are as follows.

Central Tagbanwa demonstratives^[8]
	Direct/Nominative	Indirect/Genitive	Oblique
near speaker	lito	kalito	kaito, kito
near adressee	layan	kalayan
far away	liti	kaliti	atan, doon

Notes

^ Central Tagbanwa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ ^a ^b Scebold (2003), pp. 29
^ Scebold (2003)
^ Scebold (2003), pp. 30
^ ^a ^b Scebold (2003), pp. 33
^ Scebold (2003), pp. 45–46
^ Quakenbush, J. Stephen; Ruch, Edward (2006). Pronoun Ordering and Marking in Kalamianic (PDF). Paper presented at the Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, 17–20 January 2006, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippine. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^ Scebold (2003), pp. 46–48

References

Scebold, Robert A. (2003). Central Tagbanwa: A Philippine Language on the Brink of Extinction; Sociolinguistics, Grammar, and Lexicon (PDF). Special Monograph Issue, Number 48. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines. ISBN 971-780-014-6 – via sil.org.

Northern Alta Southern Alta
Central Cordilleran	Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali
Southern Cordilleran	Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan

Central Luzon

Kapampangan Hatang Kayi (Remontado)
Sambalic	Abellen Ambala Mag-antsi Bolinao Botolan Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal

Northern Mindoro

Greater Central
Philippine

Southern Mindoro

Central Philippine

Tagalogic	Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño Filipino
Bikol	Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada
Bisayan	Akeanon Bantayanon Asi Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray
Mansakan	Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka
(unclassified)	Ata †

Palawanic

Aborlan Tagbanwa
Batak
Central Tagbanwa
Palawano
Taaw't Bato

Subanen

Western Subanon

Other branches

Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget
Manide–Alabat	Inagta Alabat Manide

Reconstructed

Proto-Philippine †

† indicates extinct status
? indicates classification dispute

Austronesian languages

Formosan languages

Rukaic

Rukai

Tsouic

Northern

Atayalic	Atayal Seediq
Northwest Formosan	Saisiyat Pazeh † Kulon † Thao Babuza Favorlang † Papora-Hoanya †

East

Kavalanic	Basay † Kavalan Luilang †
Ami	Amis Sakizaya
Siraiyac	Siraya † Taivoan †

Southern ?

Malayo–Polynesian

Western branches of Malayo–Polynesian

Philippine
(linkage) ?

Northern Alta Southern Alta
Central Cordilleran	Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali
Southern Cordilleran	Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan

Central Luzon

Kapampangan Hatang Kayi (Remontado)
Sambalic	Abellen Ambala Mag-antsi Bolinao Botolan Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal

Northern Mindoro

Greater Central
Philippine

Southern Mindoro

Central Philippine

Tagalogic	Filipino Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño
Bikol	Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada
Bisayan	Akeanon Asi Bantayanon Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray
Mansakan	Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka
(unclassified)	Ata †

Palawanic

Aborlan Tagbanwa
Batak
Central Tagbanwa
Palawano
Taaw't Bato

Subanen

Western Subanon

Other branches

Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget
Manide–Alabat	Inagta Alabat Manide

Greater Barito *

Barito

Malagasy Bushi Deyah Malang Witu Balangan Ma'anyan Paku Lawangan Kohin Dohoi Siang Bakumpai Ngaju Ampanang Tunjung
Sama–Bajaw	Abaknon Bajaw Mapun Pangutaran Sama Sama West Coast Bajaw Yakan

Basap *

Greater
North Borneo *

North Borneo *

Northeast Sabah *

Southwest Sabah *

Greater
Dusunic *

Bisaya–Lotud	Brunei Bisaya Lotud
Dusunic	Kadazandusun Central Dusun Coastal Kadazan Kuijau Eastern Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Rungus / Momogun Klias River Kadazan
Paitanic	Tombonuwo Kinabatangan Abai Sungai Serudung

Greater
Murutic *

Tatana ? Papar
Murutic	Tagol Timugon Keningau Selungai Sembakung Baukan Okolod Paluan Ganaʼ Kalabakan Nonukan Tidong Sesayap Tidong

Malayo–Chamic *

Iban–Malayan

Sundanese

Sundanese
- Old Sundanese †
- Baduy
- Bantenese
- Cirebonese

Rejang ?

Rejang

Moklenic ?

Moken
Moklen

Sumatran *

Northwest Sumatra
–Barrier Islands

Enggano ? Gayo Mentawai Nias Sikule Simeulue
Batak	Alas Angkola Dairi Karo Simalungun Toba Mandailing

Nasal ?

Lampungic

Lampung
Lampung Nyo
Lampung Api
Komering

Javanese

Javanese
- Kawi / Old Javanese †
- Banyumasan
- Osing
- Tenggerese

Madurese

Bali–Sasak
–Sumbawa

Kaili–Wolio *

Bugis

Seko–Badaic *

Seko	Budong-Budong Panasuan Seko Padang Seko Tengah
Badaic ?	Bada Behoa Napu

Northern

Mamuju Mandar
Massenrempulu	Duri Enrekang Maiwa Malimpung
Pitu Ulunna Salu	Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Dakka Pannei Ulumandaʼ
Toraja	Kalumpang Mamasa Pattae' Lawa Talondoʼ ? Toraja-Saʼdan

Lemolang

Isolates

Central Malayo-Polynesian languages

Bima

Bima

Sumba–Flores

Sumba–Hawu

Savu	Hawu Dhao
Sumba	Kambera Mamboru Anakalangu Wanukaka Pondok Baliledo Wejewa Lamboya Kodi Gaura

Western Flores

Flores–Lembata

Sika Kedang
Lamaholot	Lamaholot Alorese Lamatuka Lewo Eleng Levuka South Lembata Lamalera Lewotobi Adonara Ile Ape Mingar

Selaru

Kei–Tanimbar ?

Aru

Timoric *

Helong Tetum Uab Meto Amarasi Idalaka
Central Timor *	Kemak Tukudede Mambai Bekais
Wetar–Galoli ?	Wetar Galoli Atauran
Kawaimina	Kairui Waimoa Midiki Naueti ? Habun ?
Luangic–Kisaric ?	Romang Kisar Leti Luang Makuva
Rote–Meto *	Bilba Dengka Lole Ringgou Dela-Oenale Termanu Tii
Babar	West Damar Dawera-Daweloor North Babar Dai Masela Serili Southeast Babar Emplawas Imroing Telaʼa
Southwest Maluku	East Damar Teun Nila Serua

Kowiai ?

Kowiai

Central Maluku *

Teor-Kur

West

East

Nunusaku

Kayeli † Nuaulu Huaulu Manusela Wemale Yalahatan
Piru Bay ?	Asilulu Luhu Manipa Wakasihu Boano Sepa-Teluti Paulohi Kaibobo Hitu Tulehu Laha Seit-Kaitetu Kamarian † Haruku Amahai Nusa Laut Saparua Latu

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

SHWNG

Tandia †
Mor
Waropen
Warembori ?
Yoke ?

Halmahera Sea

Ambel–Biga	Ambel Biga
Maya–Matbat	Ma'ya Matbat
Maden	Maden Fiawat
As	As
South Halmahera	Gane Taba Buli Maba Patani Sawai Gebe

Cenderawasih

Biakic	Biak Dusner † Meoswar Roon
Yapen	Ambai Ansus Marau Wamesa Wooi Munggui Papuma Pom Serui-Laut Kurudu Wabo
Southwest	Yaur Yerisiam Umar

Oceanic

Admiralty

Yapese ?
Eastern	Manus Baluan-Pam Lenkau Lou Nauna Penchal
Western	Northern Kaniet † Southern Kaniet † Seimat Wuvulu Aua

Saint Matthias

Temotu

Utupua	Amba Asumboa Tanimbili
Vanikoro	Teanu Lovono Tanema
Reefs–Santa Cruz	Äiwoo Engdewu / Nanggu Natügu / Santa Cruz Nalögo Noipx

Southeast
Solomonic

Gela–Guadalcanal	Bugotu Gela Lengo Birao Ghari Malango Talise
Malaita– San Cristobal	Longgu Sa'a Arosi Fagani Bauro Kahua Owa Marau Wawa ? † Toʼabaita Baelelea Baeggu Fataleka Lau Kwara'ae Wala Gula'alaa Kwaio Dori'o ꞋAreꞌare Oroha

Western
Oceanic

Meso–
Melanesian

Willaumez

Bola
Bulu
Meramera
Nakanai

Bali-Vitu

Bali
Vitu

New Ireland–
Northwest
Solomonic

Tungag–Nalik	Kara Laxudumau Nalik Tiang Tigak Tungag
Tabar	Lihir Madara Notsi
Madak	Barok Lavatbura–Lamusong Madak
St. George	Bilur Fanamaket Guramalum † Kandas Konomala Label Lungalunga Niwer Mil Patpatar Ramoaaina Siar Sursurunga Tangga Tolai
Northwest Solomonic	Babatana Bannoni Blablanga Cheke Holo Gao Ghanongga Hahon Hakö Halia Hoava Kazukuru † Kokota Kusaghe Laghu † Lungga Marovo Mono-Alu Nduke Nehan Papapana Petats Piva Ririo Roviana Saposa Simbo Solos Teop Tinputz Torau Ughele Uruava † Vaghua Vangunu Varisi Zabana Zazao
Tomoip

North
New Guinea

Sarmi– Jayapura ?	Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna
Schouten	Arop-Sissano Sera Sissano Ulau-Suain Tumleo Yakamul Kaiep Kairiru Terebu Biem Kis Manam Medebur Sepa Wogeo
Huon Gulf	Bukawa Kela Yabem Aribwatsa † Aribwaung Adzera Dangal Duwet Labu Maralango Mari Musom Nafi Silisili Wampar Wampur Hote Iwal Kapin Kumalu Mangga Buang Mapos Buang Mumeng Piu Vehes Yamap Numbami
Ngero–Vitiaz	Bariai Gitua Kove Lusi Malalamai Mutu Awad Bing Bilibil Gedaged Marik Matukar Mindiri Takia Wab Lamogai Mouk-Aria Aigon Karore Kaulong † Miu Sengseng Aiklep Akolet Apalik Avau Bebeli Gimi Lesing-Gelimi Mangseng Solong Lote Mamusi Mengen Arop-Lukep Karnai Malasanga Mur Pano Mato Ronji Amara Maleu Mbula Sio Tami

Papuan Tip

Nuclear	ʼAuhelawa Buhutu Bwanabwana Oya'oya Saliba Suau Unubahe Wagawaga Bwaidoka Diodio Iamalele Iduna Koluwawa Maiadomu Bunama Boselewa Dobu Duau Galeya Molima Mwatebu Sewa Bay Dawawa Kakabai Are Arifama-Miniafia Doga Gapapaiwa Ghayavi Kaninuwa Ubir Gweda Haigwai Maiwala Minaveha Taupota Tawala Yakaikeke Anuki Gumawana
Kilivila–Misima	Budibud Kilivila Misima Muyuw
Nimoa–Sudest	Nimoa Sudest

Southern
Oceanic

North
Vanuatu

Torres–Banks	Dorig Hiw Koro Lakon Lehali Lemerig Lo-Toga Löyöp Mota Mwerlap Mwesen Mwotlap Nume Olrat Vera’a Volow Vurës
Maewo–Ambae– North Pentecost	Baetora Duidui Northeast Ambae Raga Sun̄wadaga Sun̄wadia
South Pentecost	Apma Sa Ske Sowa †
Espiritu Santo	Akei Aore † Araki Cape Cumberland Nokuku Kiai M̈av̈ea Merei-Tiale Mores Sakao Shark Bay Tamambo Tangoa Tasiriki Tolomako Tutuba Wusi

Nuclear
Southern
Oceanic

Central
Vanuatu

Epi	Baki Bierebo Bieria Lamen Lewo Maii
Malakula	Aulua Avava Aveteian Axamb Big Nambas Botovro Burmbar Bwenelang Larëvat Lendamboi Litzlitz Malfaxal Malua Bay Maskelynes Nahavaq Nasarian Nasvang Nāti Navwien Nese Neve'ei Neverver Ninde Nisvai Nitita Port Sandwich Rerep Sörsörian Tape Tirax Unua Northeast Malakula Vao Vivti Rutan Alovas Najit Njav

South Vanuatu

Erromango	Erromanga / Sie Sorung † Ura Utaha / Ifo †
Tanna	Kwamera / South Tanna Lenakel / West Tanna North Tanna Southwest Tanna Whitesands / East Tanna
Aneityum

Loyalties–
New Caledonia

Loyalty Islands

New Caledonian

Southern	Ajië Arhâ Arhö Ndrumbea Neku Numèè Orowe Tîrî Xârâcùù Xârâgurè Zire †
Northern	Bwatoo Caac Cèmuhî Fwâi Haeke Haveke Hmwaveke Jawe Kumak Nemi Nyâlayu Paicî Pije Pwaamei Pwapwâ Vamale Waamwang † Yuanga

Micronesian

Nauruan

Nuclear
Micronesian

Chuukic–
Pohnpeic

Chuukic	Carolinian Chuukese Mapia † Mortlockese Namonuito Pááfang Puluwatese Satawalese Sonsorol Tanapag Tobian Ulithian Woleaian
Pohnpeic	Mokilese Ngatikese Pingelapese Pohnpeian

Central
Pacific

West

East

Polynesian

Nuclear
Polynesian

Kapingamarangi Nuguria Nukumanu Nukuoro Ontong Java Sikaiana Takuu Tuvaluan
Samoic	Niuatoputapu † Samoan Tokelauan
Eastern	Austral Cook Islands Māori Hawaiian Mangareva Māori Moriori † Marquesan Penrhyn Rakahanga-Manihiki Rapa Rapa Nui Tahitian Tuamotuan
Futunic	Anuta Emae Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan Futunan / East Futunan Mele-Fila Pukapukan Rennellese Tikopia Wallisian / East Uvean West Uvean

Tongic

* indicates proposed status
? indicates classification dispute
† indicates extinct status

Languages of the Philippines

Official languages

Regional languages

Indigenous languages
(by region)

Bangsamoro	Iranun Pangutaran Sama Sama Tausug Yakan
Bicol Region	Albay Bikol Inagta Partido Manide Masbateño Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Northern Sorsogon Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bikol Southern Catanduanes Bikol Southern Sorsogon
Cagayan Valley	Arta Atta Bugkalot Central Cagayan Agta Dinapigue Agta Dupaningan Agta Gaddang Isinai Itawis Itbayat Ivatan Kalanguya Karao Malaweg Nagtipunan Agta Paranan Agta Paranan Yogad
Calabarzon	Inagta Alabat Manide Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Southern Alta Umiray Dumaget
Caraga	Agusan Ata Manobo Butuanon Higaonon Kamayo Mamanwa Surigaonon
Central Luzon	Abellen Ambala Antsi Botolan Casiguran Dumagat Agta Indi Kasiguranin Mariveleño Northern Alta Sambal Southern Alta Umiray Dumaget
Central Visayas	Bantayanon Eskayan Karolanos Magahat Porohanon
Cordillera	Atta Balangao Bontoc Ga'dang Ibaloi Ifugao Isnag Itawis Itneg Iwaak Kalanguya Kalinga Kankanaey Malaweg Tuwali
Davao Region	Blaan Davaoeño Kalagan Klata Mandaya Mansaka Obo Sangirese Sarangani Tagabawa
Eastern Visayas	Abaknon Baybay Kabalian
Ilocos Region	Bolinao
Metro Manila	Taglish
Mimaropa	Agutaynen Alangan Asi Batak Buhid Calamian Tagbanwa Central Tagbanwa Cuyonon Hanunoo Iraya Kagayanen Molbog Onhan Palawano Ratagnon Romblomanon Tadyawan Tawbuid
Northern Mindanao	Bukid Higaonon Ilianen Iranun Kamigin Matigsalug Subanen Western Bukidnon
Soccsksargen	Blaan Cotabato Manobo Ilianen Iranun Obo Tboli Tiruray
Western Visayas	Aklanon Ata Ati Caluyanon Capiznon Sulod
Zamboanga Peninsula	Subanen