Chakma script

Writing system used for Chakma language

Chakma
Changmha Ajhapat
๐‘„Œ๐‘„‹๐‘„ด๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ง๐‘„๐‘„›๐‘„–๐‘„ด
The word 'Changmha Ajhapat' in Chakma script
Script type
Abugida
DirectionLeft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesChakma language, Pali[1]
Related scripts
Parent systems
Proto-Sinaitic alphabet[a]
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Cakm (349), ​Chakma
Unicode
Unicode alias
Chakma
Unicode range
U+11100–U+1114F[6]
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA ยง Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Brahmic scripts
The Brahmi script and its descendants
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The Chakma Script (Ajhฤ pฤแนญh), also called Ajhฤ pฤแนญh, Ojhapath, Ojhopath, Aaojhapath, is an abugida used for the Chakma language, and recently for the Pali language.[1]

History

The Chakma script is an abugida that belongs to the Brahmic family of scripts. Chakma evolved from the Burmese script, which was ultimately derived from Pallava.[3][4][5]

The script, along with the Chakma language, has been introduced to non-government schools in Bangladesh, and as well as schools in Mizoram.[7]

Structure

Chakma Letters

Chakma is of the Brahmic type: the consonant letters contain an inherent vowel. Unusually for Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, the inherent vowel in Chakma is a long 'ฤ' (a) as opposed to short 'a' (ษ”). Consonant clusters are written with conjunct characters, and a visible vowel killer shows the deletion of the inherent vowel when there is no conjunct.

Vowels

Four independent vowels exist: ๐‘„ƒ a, ๐‘„„ i, ๐‘„… u, and ๐‘„† e.

๐‘„ƒ ๐‘„„ ๐‘„… ๐‘„†
ฤ (aa) i u e

Other vowels in initial position are formed by adding the vowel sign to ๐‘„ƒ ฤ, as in ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ฉ ฤซ, ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ซ ลซ, ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ญ ai, ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ฐ oi. Some modern writers are generalizing this spelling in ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„จ i, ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ช u, and ๐‘„ƒ๐‘„ฌ e.

Chakma vowel signs with the letter ๐‘„‡ ka are given below:

๐‘„‡ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ง ๐‘„‡๐‘„จ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ฉ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ช ๐‘„‡๐‘„ซ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ฌ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ฎ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ญ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ฏ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ฐ ๐‘„‡๐‘…† ๐‘„‡๐‘„€ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ ๐‘„‡๐‘„‚ ๐‘„‡๐‘„ด
kฤ ka ki kฤซ ku kลซ ke ko kฤi kau koi kei kaแนƒ kaแนƒ kaแธฅ k

One of the interesting features of Chakma writing is that candrabindu ๐‘„€ (cฤnaphudฤ) can be used together with anusvara ๐‘„ (ekaphudฤ) and visarga ๐‘„‚ (dviphudฤ):

๐‘„ƒ๐‘„‚๐‘„€ aแธฅแนƒ = ๐‘„ƒ ฤ + ๐‘„‚ h + ๐‘„€แนƒ

๐‘„ƒ๐‘„๐‘„€ aแนƒแนƒ = ๐‘„ƒ ฤ + ๐‘„ แนƒ + ๐‘„€แนƒ

๐‘„…๐‘„๐‘„€ uแนƒแนƒ = ๐‘„… u + ๐‘„ แนƒ + ๐‘„€แนƒ

๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ช๐‘„€ muแนƒ = ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ + ๐‘„ช u + ๐‘„€แนƒ

Consonants

๐‘„‡ ๐‘„ˆ ๐‘„‰ ๐‘„Š ๐‘„‹
kฤ khฤ gฤ ghฤ แน…ฤ
๐‘„Œ ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ž ๐‘„ ๐‘„
cฤ chฤ jฤ jhฤ รฑฤ
๐‘„‘ ๐‘„’ ๐‘„“ ๐‘„” ๐‘„•
แนญฤ แนญhฤ แธฤ แธhฤ แน‡ฤ
๐‘„– ๐‘„— ๐‘„˜ ๐‘„™ ๐‘„š
tฤ thฤ dฤ dhฤ nฤ
๐‘„› ๐‘„œ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ž ๐‘„Ÿ
pฤ phฤ bฤ bhฤ mฤ
๐‘„  ๐‘„ก ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ค ๐‘…‡
yyฤ yฤ rฤ lฤ wฤ vฤ
๐‘„ฅ ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘…„
sฤ hฤ แธทฤ

Vowel-killer

Like other Brahmic scripts, Chakma makes use of the maayyaa (killer) to invoke conjoined consonants. In the past, practice was much more common than it is today. Like the Myanmar script, Chakma is encoded with two vowel-killing characters in order to conform to modern user expectations. As shown above, most letters have their vowels killed with the use of the explicit maayyaa:

๐‘„‡๐‘„ด k = ๐‘„‡ kฤ + ๐‘„ด MAAYYAA

Conjucts

In 2001 an orthographic reform was recommended in the book Cฤแน…mฤ pattham pฤt which would limit the standard repertoire of conjuncts to those composed with the five letters ๐‘„  yฤ, ๐‘„ข rฤ, ๐‘„ฃ lฤ, ๐‘„ค wฤ, and ๐‘„š nฤ. The four here are the most widely accepted repertoire of conjuncts.

ya: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„  yฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„  - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„  - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ 

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„  - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„  - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„  ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ 

ra: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ข rฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ข

la: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ฃ lฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ

wa: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ค wฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ค

No separate conjunct forms of subjoined full-form -yฤ or -rฤ appear to exist. The fifth of these conjuncts, the -na conjunct, is exemplary of the orthographic shift which has taken place in the Chakma language.

na: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„š nฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„š

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„š

While some writers would indeed write kakna (in ligating style) as ๐‘„‡๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„š or (in subjoining style) as ๐‘„‡๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„š, most now would probably expect it to be written as ๐‘„‡๐‘„‡๐‘„ด๐‘„š. The ligating style of glyphs is now considered old-fashioned. Thus, taking the letter ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ as the second element, while the glyph shapes ๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ kmฤ, ๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ tmฤ, ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ nmฤ, ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ bbฤ, ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ mmฤ, ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ llฤ, ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ smฤ, and ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ hmฤ are attested, most users now prefer the glyph shapes ๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ kmฤ, ๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ tmฤ, ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ nmฤ, ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ bbฤ, ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ mmฤ, ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ llฤ, ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ smฤ, and ๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ hmฤ. Again, this distinction is stylistic and not orthographic.

The 2004 book Phadagaแน… shows examples of the five conjuncts above together alongside conjuncts formed with ๐‘„ bฤ, ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ, and ๐‘„ฆ hฤ. These are all formed by simple subjoining.

ba: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ nฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Œ - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„š ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„š - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ - ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„ ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„

ma: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ nฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ - ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ

ha: X + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ฆ nฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ˆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„‰๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ - ๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ - ๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„’๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„“๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„”๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„•๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„—๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„™๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ - ๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ - ๐‘„ ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ก๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ข๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ค๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ ๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฆ

In the 1982 book Cฤแน…mฤr ฤg pudhi a much wider range of conjunct pairs is shown, some of them with fairly complicated glyphs:

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„‡ kkฤ = ๐‘„‡ kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‡ kฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„‘ kแนญฤ = ๐‘„‡ kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‘ แนญฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„– ktฤ = ๐‘„‡ kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„– tฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ kmฤ = ๐‘„‡ kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ

๐‘„‡๐‘„ณ๐‘„Œ kcฤ = ๐‘„‡ kฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Œ cฤ

๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„‡ แน…kฤ = ๐‘„‹ แน…ฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‡ kฤ

๐‘„‹๐‘„ณ๐‘„‰ แน…kฤ = ๐‘„‹ แน…ฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‰ gฤ

๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Œ ccฤ = ๐‘„Œ cฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Œ cฤ

๐‘„Œ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ cchฤ = ๐‘„Œ cฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ chฤ

๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Œ รฑcฤ = ๐‘„ รฑฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Œ cฤ

๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ž รฑjฤ = ๐‘„ รฑฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ž jฤ

๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ รฑjhฤ = ๐‘„ รฑฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ jhฤ

๐‘„‘๐‘„ณ๐‘„‘ แนญแนญฤ = ๐‘„‘ แนญฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‘ แนญฤ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„– ttฤ = ๐‘„– tฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„– tฤ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ tmฤ = ๐‘„– tฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ

๐‘„–๐‘„ณ๐‘„— tthฤ = ๐‘„– tฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„— thฤ

๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„˜ ddฤ = ๐‘„˜ dฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„˜ dฤ

๐‘„˜๐‘„ณ๐‘„™ ddhฤ = ๐‘„˜ dฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„™ dhฤ

๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„– ntฤ = ๐‘„š nฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„– tฤ

๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„— nthฤ = ๐‘„š nฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„— thฤ

๐‘„š๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ nmฤ = ๐‘„š nฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ

๐‘„›๐‘„ณ๐‘„› ppฤ = ๐‘„› pฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„› pฤ

๐‘„๐‘„ณ๐‘„ bbฤ = ๐‘„ bฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ bฤ

๐‘„Ÿ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ mmฤ = ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ

๐‘„Ž๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ž jjฤ = ๐‘„Ž jฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ž jฤ

๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„‡ lkฤ = ๐‘„ฃ lฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‡ kฤ

๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„‰ lgฤ = ๐‘„ฃ lฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‰ gฤ

๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ฃ llฤ = ๐‘„ฃ lฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ฃ lฤ

๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„‘ lแนญฤ = ๐‘„ฃ lฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‘ แนญฤ

๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„› lpฤ = ๐‘„ฃ lฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„› pฤ

๐‘„ฃ๐‘„ณ๐‘„ lchฤ = ๐‘„ฃ lฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„ chฤ

๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„‘ sแนญฤ = ๐‘„ฅ sฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‘ แนญฤ

๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„‡ skฤ = ๐‘„ฅ sฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„‡ kฤ

๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„› spฤ = ๐‘„ฅ sฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„› pฤ

๐‘„ฅ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ smฤ = ๐‘„ฅ sฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ mฤ

๐‘„ฆ๐‘„ณ๐‘„Ÿ hmฤ = ๐‘„ฆ hฤ + ๐‘„ณ VIRAMA + ๐‘„Ÿ hmฤ

Letter names and punctuation

Chakma letters have a descriptive name followed by a traditional Brahmic consonant. These are given in annotations to the character names. Alongside a single (๐‘…) and double (๐‘…‚) danda punctuation, Chakma has a unique question mark (๐‘…ƒ), and a section sign, Phulacihna. There is some variation in the glyphs for the Phulacihna (๐‘…€), some looking like flowers or leaves.

Numerals

The Chakma script contains its own set of numerals, although Bengali numerals are also used.

๐‘„ถ ๐‘„ท ๐‘„ธ ๐‘„น ๐‘„บ ๐‘„ป ๐‘„ผ ๐‘„ฝ ๐‘„พ ๐‘„ฟ
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Unicode

Chakma script was added to the Unicode Standard in January 2012 with the release of version 6.1.[8]

The Unicode block for Chakma script is U+11100–U+1114F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points:

Chakma[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1110x 𑄀 𑄁 𑄂 𑄃 𑄄 𑄅 𑄆 𑄇 𑄈 𑄉 𑄊 𑄋 𑄌 𑄍 𑄎 𑄏
U+1111x 𑄐 𑄑 𑄒 𑄓 𑄔 𑄕 𑄖 𑄗 𑄘 𑄙 𑄚 𑄛 𑄜 𑄝 𑄞 𑄟
U+1112x 𑄠 𑄡 𑄢 𑄣 𑄤 𑄥 𑄦 𑄧 𑄨 𑄩 𑄪 𑄫 𑄬 𑄭 𑄮 𑄯
U+1113x 𑄰 𑄱 𑄲  𑄳  𑄴 𑄶 𑄷 𑄸 𑄹 𑄺 𑄻 𑄼 𑄽 𑄾 𑄿
U+1114x 𑅀 𑅁 𑅂 𑅃 𑅄 𑅅 𑅆 𑅇
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Educational Institutions

The Chakma language is being taught in many Government and private schools in India (Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh) and Bangladesh. The Chakma language was officially introduced in primary schools by the Govt. of Tripura under The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages in 2004 through Bengali Script and since 2013 through Chakma script (also known as Ajhฤ Pฤแนญh). Presently,[when?] the Chakma language is being taught in 87 schools.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b Scheuren, Zachary (22 April 2019). "Proposal to encode CHAKMA LETTER VAA for Pali" (PDF). The Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2019.
  2. ^ Joshi, R. Malatesha; McBride, Catherine, eds. (2019). Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography. Literacy Studies. Vol. 17. p. 28. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05977-4. ISBN 978-3-030-05976-7.
  3. ^ a b Talukdar, S. P. (2010). Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 9788178357584.
  4. ^ a b Brauns, Claus-Dieter; Lรถffler, Lorenz G. (11 November 2013). Mru: Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh. Birkhรคuser. ISBN 9783034856942.
  5. ^ a b Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (28 July 2009). "Proposal for encoding the Chakma script in the UCS" (PDF).
  6. ^ "Chakma". The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1 (PDF). The Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2023.
  7. ^ Brandt, Carmen (2014). "Script as a potential demarcator and stabilizer of languages in South Asia". In Cardoso, Hugo C. (ed.). Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 86. hdl:10125/4602. ISBN 9780985621148.
  8. ^ "Unicode 6.1.0". The Unicode Consortium. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  9. ^ "Chakma Language". The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages. Government of Tripura, India.

Further reading

  • 'เฆฐเฆฟเฆฌเง‡เฆ‚ เฆ‡เฆ‰เฆจเฆฟ'เฆคเง‡ เฆฒเง‡เฆ–เฆพ เฆนเฆฌเง‡ เฆšเฆพเฆ•เฆฎเฆพ เฆญเฆพเฆทเฆพ [The Chakma language will be written in 'RibengUni']. Kaler Kantho. 18 June 2012. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013.

External links

  • RibengUni (First Chakma Unicode Font)
  • Chakma Script Archived 2020-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
  • Chakma Bangla Blog
  • Chakma Prototype Keyboard
  • Chakma Unicode Converter
  • Available Chakma Unicode Fonts
  • Chakma Keyboard Layout for Mac OSX
  • Chakma Open Dictionary
  • "Chakma alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  • "Tribal Languages - Banglapedia". Banglapedia. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
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