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The China Tribunal was a non-governmental "people's tribunal" to inquire into forced organ harvesting in China.[1] It was headquartered in London. The chair of the China Tribunal was Sir Geoffrey Nice KC,[1] who had also been lead prosecutor at the trial of Slobodan Milošević in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.[2] Its other members were Professor of Paediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery at University College London Martin Elliott, Malaysian lawyer Andrew Khoo, Iranian lawyer, Shadi Sadr, US lawyer Ragina Paulose, businessman Nick Vetch and historian Arthur Waldron.[1] All members of the Tribunal provided their time pro bono publico. The Judgment states: "All members of the Tribunal, Counsel to the Tribunal, volunteer lawyers and the editor of this Judgment have worked entirely pro bono publico (for the public good) which for those unfamiliar with the term or practice means completely without financial return of any kind."[3]
The Tribunal was initiated by the International Coalition to End Transplant Abuse in China (ETAC), which was co-founded by David Matas, one of the leading proponents alleging forced organ harvesting in that country.[4][5]
Relationship with other groups and organizations
[edit]The China Tribunal was initiated by the ETAC, "a group of lawyers, academics, ethicists, doctors, researchers, and human rights advocates that is registered as a charity in Australia".[6][7][8] The Tribunal notes that although "a minority of those working in and for ETAC are themselves Falun Gong practitioners", the organisation has campaigned to end forced organ harvesting throughout China and to protect the human rights of all prisoners of conscience who are at risk of having their organs forcibly extracted.[9]
The Tribunal states that it itself is independent from ETAC,[5] "none of the members of the Tribunal, Counsel to the Tribunal, the editor or the volunteer lawyers working with Counsel to the Tribunal is a Falun Gong practitioner or has any special interest in Falun Gong."[3]
Events and history
[edit]In 2016, ETAC asked Sir Geoffrey Nice KC to write an opinion about the issues that the tribunal was later to consider; Nice advised that a body of several people would be better able to consider the facts and law, which eventually led to ETAC initiating the formation of the China Tribunal.[10]
Aims and Mandate
[edit]The China Tribunal Charter[11] set out the mandate and aims of the Tribunal. The China Tribunal members were mandated to “consider the evidence regarding forced organ harvesting from prisoners of conscience in China and determine whether international crimes have been, and continue to be, committed.”
The method of work included to: “receive submissions on applicable standards and available remedies.” Legal submissions on application of international law were received from Edward Fitzgerald KC and Datuk N. Sivanathan.
Regarding transparency, the Tribunal Charter stipulates that “The Tribunal will be conducted with a commitment to transparency regarding the evidence it has examined and the sources it has consulted.”
The China Tribunal Charter also set out specific questions for the Tribunal to address:[12]
- "Given the available evidence about past and continuing forced organ harvesting from prisoners of conscience in China, have international crimes been committed?"
- "If so, what legal and other actions should be taken by the international community? In responding to these questions, the Tribunal should consider the extent to which alleged perpetrators of forced organ harvesting can be named under relevant legislation and the effect of sovereign immunity on protecting wrongdoers from civil suits."
- "The Tribunal is also urged to consider the responsibilities of international hospitals, universities, doctors, professional societies, medical researchers, pharmaceutical and biotech companies, medical journals and publishers regarding collaboration with their Chinese counterparts and Chinese transplant professionals, whether such collaboration might amount to complicity in forced organ harvesting, what constraints should apply to any future collaboration and to make recommendations regarding existing or proposed professional and legal sanctions."
Hearings and Evidence Presented
[edit]The China Tribunal held 5 days of public hearings in London in December 2018 and April 2019, in which over 50 fact witnesses, experts and investigators testified including survivors of detention, family members of victims, medical experts and scholars.[13][14][15]
Testimonies and Submissions
[edit]Witness testimonies included Falun Gong practitioners and Uyghurs who described forced medical testing, including organ scans, and abuse in custody such as torture, rape, and psychological abuse. Testimonies from experts included analysis of organ transplant and donation data, Chinese medical and government documents of policy and practice, and a statistical analysis of official Chinese records such as bed utilization rates, hospital revenue and surgical teams that claimed 60,000 – 100,000 transplants had been performed each year. [16][17]
The Tribunal subjected academic submissions and reports to independent scrutiny, including a review by a leading UK statistician[18] of a study published in BMC Medical Ethics[19], which showed that China's organ donation figures had been manipulated and did not reflect the real numbers.[20]
Phone call recordings submitted to the Tribunal, in which government officials and surgeons stated that organs were available on demand, including from Falun Gong practitioners[21], were reviewed at the Tribunal’s request by independent academic commentators[22]. In one phone call, which the China Tribunal had forensically examined, the former PLA Minister for Health, Bai Shuzhong, stated that ex-president Jiang Zemin directly ordered the killing of Falun Gong practitioners for their organs.[23][24]
The Tribunal invited the Chinese government, along with others who had previously expressed scepticism regarding allegations of forced organ harvesting, to submit evidence and participate in the hearings.[25] These invitations were issued before the Tribunal reached any conclusions, but no response was received.[26]
In addition, the Tribunal reviewed publicly available exculpatory material. This included media statements and video footage of Chinese officials, such as transplant official Haibo Wang’s response to the 2016 Update Report,[27] and the Chinese government’s written submission to the UN Committee Against Torture.[28] Testimonies from international transplant surgeons were also considered, including Francis L. Delmonico’s evidence before the U.S. Congressional-Executive Commission on China,[29] and Jeremy Chapman’s testimony before the Australian Senate,[30] both of whom have participated in international collaborations with Chinese transplant authorities.[31][32]
The Tribunal further examined the Australian parliamentary report Compassion, Not Commerce, which investigated human organ trafficking and transplant tourism.[33]
Reading Material Reviewed
[edit]The China Tribunal’s Reading Material page lists seven categories of documents that Tribunal members were required to review, including overview texts, documentary investigations, investigative documents, academic journal articles, and published reports from organisations and official bodies. It also contains exculpatory evidence—material submitted to counter or challenge the allegations.[34]
Judgment
[edit]On 17 June 2019, the China Tribunal pronounced its "final judgment" on organ harvesting in China, concluding that the Chinese Communist Party was, beyond reasonable doubt, guilty of committing crimes against humanity against China's Uyghur Muslim and Falun Gong populations, and that removing hearts and other organs from living victims constituted one of the worst mass atrocities of this century.[35][36][37][38][39][40][41]
The China Tribunal Judgment stated: "In the long-term practice in the PRC of forced organ harvesting it was indeed Falun Gong practitioners who were used as a source – probably the principal source – of organs for forced organ harvesting."[42] Adding that there was no evidence of the practice having been stopped and that the Tribunal was satisfied that it continued.[42]
The judgment was published on 1 March 2020.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Who we are". China Tribunal. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- ^ "Profile: Geoffrey Nice". University of Buckingham. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Judgement, section 17" (PDF). China Tribunal. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- ^ "First Known Survivor of China's Forced Organ Harvesting Speaks Out". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
- ^ a b "About ETAC". China Tribunal. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- ^ Iacobucci, Gareth (3 March 2020). "Chinese doctors admitted in undercover calls that harvested organs were available, informal tribunal finds". BMJ. 368: m859. doi:10.1136/bmj.m859. PMID 32127369. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ "About Us – The International Coalition to End Transplant Abuse in China (ETAC)". ETAC. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ "Migration Amendment (Overseas Organ Transplant Disclosure and Other Measures) Bill 2023 report" (PDF). Migration Amendment (Overseas Organ Transplant Disclosure and Other Measures) Bill 2023. Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade References Committee, Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ Judgment, section 12 (PDF). China Tribunal. Retrieved 2025-08-20.
- ^ a b "China Tribunal Judgement" (PDF). China Tribunal. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ "China Tribunal Charter". China Tribunal. The Independent Tribunal into Forced Organ Harvesting from Prisoners of Conscience in China. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ "China Tribunal Charter". China Tribunal. The Independent Tribunal into Forced Organ Harvesting from Prisoners of Conscience in China. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ Hurley, Richard (16 April 2019). "Evidence to contradict "substantial" forced organ harvesting from prisoners in China is lacking, tribunal hears". The BMJ. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ "Hearings". China Tribunal. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ "Hearings – April 2019". China Tribunal. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ Doffman, Zak (18 June 2019). "China Killing Prisoners To Harvest Organs For Transplant, Tribunal Finds". Forbes. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ "Submissions". China Tribunal. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ Spiegelhalter, David (June 2019). "Commentary on Robertson et al" (PDF). China Tribunal. The Independent Tribunal into Forced Organ Harvesting from Prisoners of Conscience in China. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ Robertson, Matthew P. (14 November 2019). "Analysis of official deceased organ donation data casts doubt on the credibility of China's organ transplant reform". BMC Medical Ethics. 20 (1) 79. doi:10.1186/s12910-019-0406-6. PMC 6854896. PMID 31722695.
- ^ Iacobucci, Gareth (14 November 2019). "China's organ donation data "may be falsified," study finds". BMJ. 367: l6550. doi:10.1136/bmj.l6550. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ Iacobucci, Gareth (3 March 2020). "Chinese doctors admitted in undercover calls that harvested organs were available, informal tribunal finds". BMJ. 368: m859. doi:10.1136/bmj.m859. PMID 32127369. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ "Phone Calls Verification and Academic Commentators – 15 May". China Tribunal. The Independent Tribunal into Forced Organ Harvesting from Prisoners of Conscience in China. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ Doffman, Zak (18 June 2019). "China Is Harvesting Organs From Detained Prisoners, Tribunal Finds". Forbes. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ French, Peter (February 2020). "Report on Forensic Examinations of Recordings" (PDF). China Tribunal. The Independent Tribunal into Forced Organ Harvesting from Prisoners of Conscience in China. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ "Invitations and Correspondence" (PDF). China Tribunal. The Independent Tribunal into Forced Organ Harvesting from Prisoners of Conscience in China. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ Bowcott, Owen (17 June 2019). "China is harvesting organs from detainees, tribunal concludes". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ "Haibo Wang response to Update report". YouTube. China Organ Transplant Response. 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ "China's Response – Committee Against Torture". Human Rights in China. 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ "Organ Harvesting: An Examination of a Brutal Practice – Hearing" (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. 23 June 2016. p. 20, 56. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ "Compassion, Not Commerce: An inquiry into human organ trafficking and organ transplant tourism" (PDF). Human Rights Sub-Committee. Parliament of Australia. 2018. pp. 19, 20, 27.
- ^ "TTS commends the ethical transplantation goals of the People's Republic of China" (PDF). TTS Tribune. The Transplantation Society. 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ "President Fang Fangping leads multidisciplinary team to visit Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney". Central South University Third Xiangya Hospital. 28 September 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ "Compassion, Not Commerce: An inquiry into human organ trafficking and organ transplant tourism" (PDF). Parliament of Australia. Human Rights Sub-Committee. 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ "Reading Material". China Tribunal. The Independent Tribunal into Forced Organ Harvesting from Prisoners of Conscience in China. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
- ^ "Forced Organ Harvesting: "One of the worst mass atrocities of this century"". www.healtheuropa.eu. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020.
- ^ "China Tribunal: Final judgement detailed, the hearings records, submissions etc". chinatribunal.com.
- ^ Nice, Geoffrey (2019). Short Form of the China Tribunal's Judgment (PDF). China Tribunal.
- ^ Iacobucci, Gareth (3 March 2020). "Chinese doctors admitted in undercover calls that harvested organs were available, informal tribunal finds". The BMJ. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ Elks, Sonia (17 June 2019). "China is harvesting organs from Falun Gong members, finds expert panel". Reuters. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ Smith, Saphora (18 June 2019). "China forcefully harvests organs from detainees, tribunal concludes". NBC News. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ Bowcott, Owen (17 June 2019). "China is harvesting organs from detainees, tribunal concludes". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ a b "Judgement, section 461,467" (PDF). China Tribunal. Retrieved 3 March 2022.