China at the 2022 Winter Paralympics

Sporting event delegation
  • Guo Yujie
  • Wang Zhidong
Flag bearer (closing)Yang HongqiongMedals
Ranked 1st
Gold
18
Silver
20
Bronze
23
Total
61
Winter Paralympics appearances (overview)

China competed as the host nation of the 2022 Winter Paralympics in Beijing, China that took place between 4–13 March 2022. In total, 96 athletes were initially expected to compete.[1] The total competition places that the Chinese delegation achieved is 116.[2] It is the largest delegation to compete at the Games.[3]

China topped the medal table for the first time, becoming the first Asian country to top the medal count with more gold medals, more silver medals, more bronze medals, and more medals overall than any other nation.[4] China also broke the record for the most gold medals, the most silvers medals, the most bronze medals and the most medal overall won by Asian countries at a single Winter Paralympics.[5]

Medalists

The following Chinese competitors won medals at the games. In the discipline sections below, the medalists' names are bolded.

Medal Name Sport Event Date
 Gold Yang Hongqiong Cross-country skiing Women's 10 km, sitting 12 March
 Gold Mao Zhongwu Cross-country skiing Men's 12.5 km, sitting 12 March
 Gold Wang Chenyang Cross-country skiing Men's 12.5 km, standing 12 March
 Gold Wang Haitao
Chen Jianxin
Zhang Mingliang
Yan Zhou
Sun Yulong		 Wheelchair curling Mixed tournament 12 March
 Gold Qi Sun Snowboarding Banked slalom, SB-LL2 11 March
 Gold Wu Zhongwei Snowboarding Banked slalom, SB-LL1 11 March
 Gold Zhang Mengqiu Alpine skiing Women's giant slalom, standing 11 March
 Gold Liu Mengtao Biathlon Men's 12.5 kilometers, sitting 11 March
 Gold Yang Hongqiong Cross-country skiing Women's sprint, sitting 9 March
 Gold Zheng Peng Cross-country skiing Men's sprint, sitting 9 March
 Gold Liu Mengtao Biathlon Men's 10 kilometers, sitting 8 March
 Gold Ji Lijia Snowboarding Snowboard cross, SB-UL 7 March
 Gold Yang Hongqiong Cross-country skiing Women's long distance, sitting 6 March
 Gold Zheng Peng Cross-country skiing Men's long distance, sitting 6 March
 Gold Liang Jingyi Alpine skiing Men's Super-G - standing 6 March
 Gold Zhang Mengqiu Alpine skiing Women's Super-G, standing 6 March
 Gold Guo Yujie Biathlon Women's sprint, standing 5 March
 Gold Liu Zixu Biathlon Men's sprint, sitting 5 March
 Silver Liang Jingyi Alpine skiing Men's slalom - standing 13 March
 Silver Shan Yilin
Wang Chenyang
Zheng Peng
Cai Jiayun		 Cross-country skiing Mixed 4 × 2.5 kilometre relay 13 March
 Silver Wang Yue
Guide: Yalin Li		 Cross-country skiing Women's 10 km, visually impaired 12 March
 Silver Zheng Peng Cross-country skiing Men's 12.5 km, sitting 12 March
 Silver Zhang Mengqiu Alpine skiing Women's slalom, standing 12 March
 Silver Zhang Wenjing Alpine skiing Women's slalom, sitting 12 March
 Silver Geng Yanhong Snowboarding Banked slalom, SB-LL2 11 March
 Silver Ji Lijia Snowboarding Banked slalom, SB-UL 11 March
 Silver Zhu Daqing
Guide: Hanhan Yan		 Alpine skiing Women's giant slalom, visually impaired 11 March
 Silver Zhao Zhiqing Biathlon Men's 12.5 kilometers, standing 11 March
 Silver Liu Sitong Alpine skiing Women's giant slalom, sitting 11 March
 Silver Mao Zhongwu Cross-country skiing Men's sprint, sitting 9 March
 Silver Wang Pengyao Snowboarding Snowboard cross, SB-UL 7 March
 Silver Cai Jiayun Cross-country skiing Men's long distance classical, standing 7 March
 Silver Zhang Mengqiu Alpine skiing Women's super combined, standing 7 March
 Silver Zhu Daqing
Guide: Hanhan Yan		 Alpine skiing Women's super combined, visually impaired 7 March
 Silver Mao Zhongwu Cross-country skiing Men's long distance, sitting 6 March
 Silver Shan Yilin Biathlon Women's sprint, sitting 5 March
 Silver Zhu Daqing
Guide: Hanhan Yan		 Alpine skiing Women's downhill, vision impaired 5 March
 Silver Zhang Mengqiu Alpine skiing Women's downhill, standing 5 March
 Bronze Bai Xuesong
Cui Yutao
Hu Guangjian
Ji Yanzhao
Li Hongguan
Lyu Zhi
Shen Yifeng
Song Xiaodong
Tian Jintao
Wang Jujiang
Wang Wei
Wang Zhidong
Xu Jinqiang
Yu Jing
Zhang Zheng
Zhu Zhanfu		 Para ice hockey Open tournament 12 March
 Bronze Ma Jing Cross-country skiing Women's 10 km, sitting 12 March
 Bronze Cai Jiayun Cross-country skiing Men's 12.5 km, standing 12 March
 Bronze Liu Sitong Alpine skiing Women's slalom, sitting 12 March
 Bronze Yu Shuang
Guide: Wang Guanyu		 Biathlon Men's 12.5 kilometers, visually impaired 11 March
 Bronze Li Tiantian Snowboarding Banked slalom, SB-LL2 11 March
 Bronze Zhu Yonggang Snowboarding Banked slalom, SB-UL 11 March
 Bronze Zhang Wenjing Alpine skiing Women's giant slalom, sitting 11 March
 Bronze Shan Yilin Biathlon Women's 12.5 kilometers, sitting 11 March
 Bronze Liu Zixu Biathlon Men's 12.5 kilometers, sitting 11 March
 Bronze Liang Zilu Alpine skiing Men's giant slalom, sitting 10 March
 Bronze Li Panpan Cross-country skiing Women's sprint, sitting 9 March
 Bronze Wang Yue
Guide: Yalin Li		 Biathlon Women's 10 kilometers, visually impaired 8 March
 Bronze Wu Zhongwei Snowboarding Snowboard cross, SB-LL1 7 March
 Bronze Zhu Yonggang Snowboarding Snowboard cross, SB-UL 7 March
 Bronze Qui Mingyang Cross-country skiing Men's long distance classical, standing 7 March
 Bronze Liu Sitong Alpine skiing Women's super combined, sitting 7 March
 Bronze Li Panpan Cross-country skiing Women's long distance, sitting 6 March
 Bronze Zhu Daqing
Guide: Hanhan Yan		 Alpine skiing Women's Super-G, visually impaired 6 March
 Bronze Zhang Wenjing Alpine skiing Women's Super-G, sitting 6 March
 Bronze Zhao Zhiqing Biathlon Women's sprint, standing 5 March
 Bronze Liu Mengtao Biathlon Men's sprint, sitting 5 March
 Bronze Liu Sitong Alpine skiing Women's downhill, sitting 5 March
Medals by sport
Sport 1st place, gold medalist(s) 2nd place, silver medalist(s) 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) Total
Alpine skiing 3 9 7 19
Biathlon 4 2 6 12
Cross-country skiing 7 6 5 18
Para ice hockey 0 0 1 1
Snowboarding 3 3 4 10
Wheelchair curling 1 0 0 1
Total 18 20 23 61
Medals by date
Day Date 1st place, gold medalist(s) 2nd place, silver medalist(s) 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) Total
Day 1 5 March 2 3 3 8
Day 2 6 March 4 1 3 8
Day 3 7 March 1 4 4 9
Day 4 8 March 1 0 1 2
Day 5 9 March 2 1 1 4
Day 6 10 March 0 0 1 1
Day 7 11 March 4 5 6 15
Day 8 12 March 4 4 4 12
Day 9 13 March 0 2 0 2
Total 18 20 23 61
Medals by gender
Gender 1st place, gold medalist(s) 2nd place, silver medalist(s) 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) Total
Male 11 7 8 26
Female 6 12 14 32
Mixed 1 1 1 3
Total 18 20 23 61
Multiple medalists
Name Sport 1st place, gold medalist(s) 2nd place, silver medalist(s) 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) Total
Zhang Mengqiu Alpine skiing 2 3 0 5
Zhu Daqing Alpine skiing 0 3 1 4
Liu Sitong Alpine skiing 0 1 3 4
Yang Hongqiong Cross-country skiing 3 0 0 3
Liu Mengtao Biathlon 2 1 0 3
Zheng Peng Cross-country skiing 2 1 0 3
Mao Zhongwu Cross-country skiing 1 2 0 3
Zhang Wenjing Alpine skiing 0 1 2 3
Ji Lijia Snowboarding 1 1 0 2
Liang Jingyi Alpine skiing 1 1 0 2
Liu Zixu Biathlon 1 0 1 2
Wu Zhongwei Snowboarding 1 0 1 2
Shan Yilin Biathlon 0 1 1 2
Zhao Zhiqing Biathlon 0 1 1 2
Cai Jiayun Cross-country skiing 0 1 1 2
Wang Yue Biathlon 0 1 1 2
Li Panpan Cross-country skiing 0 0 2 2
Zhu Yonggang Snowboarding 0 0 2 2

Administration

The delegation consists of 96 athletes and 121 staff members.[1] Biathlete and para cross-country skier Guo Yujie and para ice hockey player Wang Zhidong were the flagbearers for China during the opening ceremony.[6]

Competitors

The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.

Sport Men Women Total
Alpine skiing 14 8 22
Biathlon 11 10 21
Cross-country skiing 18 14 32
Para ice hockey 17 1 18
Snowboarding 14 4 18
Wheelchair curling 4 1 5
Total 78 38 116

Alpine skiing

China competed in alpine skiing.[7]

Biathlon

China competed in biathlon.[8]

Cross-country skiing

China competed in cross-country skiing.[9]

Para ice hockey

China automatically qualified as the host.[10][11][12]

Summary

Team Event Preliminary round Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM / Pl.
Opposition
Result 		Opposition
Result 		Opposition
Result 		Rank Opposition
Result 		Opposition
Result 		Opposition
Result 		Rank
China Mixed tournament  Slovakia
W 7–0 		 Czech Republic
W 5–2 		 Italy
W 6–0 		1 Q  Czech Republic
W 4–3 		 United States
L 0–11 		 South Korea
W 4–0 		3rd place, bronze medalist(s)
Preliminary round
Pos Team
  • v
  • t
  • e
 Pld W OTW OTL L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  China (H) 3 3 0 0 0 18 2 +16 9 Quarterfinals
2  Czech Republic 3 2 0 0 1 10 5 +5 6
3  Italy 3 0 1 0 2 2 12 −10 2
4  Slovakia 3 0 0 1 2 1 12 −11 1 Eliminated
Source: Beijing 2022
(H) Host
5 March 2022
20:05		Slovakia 0–7
(0–2, 0–1, 0–4)		 ChinaBeijing National Indoor Stadium, Beijing
Attendance: 1,230
Game reference
Eduard LepáčekGoaliesJi YanzhaoReferee:
Canada Kevin Webinger
Linesmen:
Netherlands Louis Beelen
Czech Republic Jan Vaněk
0–108:39 – Shen (SH)
0–213:01 – Shen (Wang Z.)
0–319:43 – Cui (Wang Z., Shen)
0–432:51 – Shen (Wang Z.) (SH)
0–538:00 – Li (Lyu)
0–641:21 – Shen (Cui)
0–743:58 – Tian (Zhu, Ji) (PP)
8 minPenalties10 min
8Shots28
6 March 2022
20:05		China 5–2
(0–0, 5–1, 0–1)		 Czech RepublicBeijing National Indoor Stadium, Beijing
Attendance: 1,207
Game reference
Ji YanzhaoGoaliesMartin Kudela
Michal Vápenka		Referee:
United States Bobby Esposito
Linesmen:
Serbia Tibor Fazekaš
Sweden Andreas Lundén
Shen (Wang Z.) – 15:111–0
Zhu (Xu, Shen) (PP) – 17:382–0
Wang J. – 17:533–0
Tian (Li) (SH) – 21:064–0
4–121:53 – Ohar (Doležal, Veselý)
Li (Lyu) (SH) – 29:525–1
5–243:04 – Krupička (Hečko, Sedláček)
14 minPenalties16 min
21Shots8
8 March 2022
16:35		Italy 0–6
(0–4, 0–2, 0–0)		 ChinaBeijing National Indoor Stadium, Beijing
Attendance: 1,224
Game reference
Julian Kasslatter
Gabriele Araudo		GoaliesWang WeiReferee:
Denmark Jacob Grumsen
Linesmen:
Sweden Tony Rundström
Czech Republic Jan Vaněk
0–100:16 – Wang Z. (Shen)
0–202:41 – Bai (Wang Z.)
0–303:52 – Qiu (Li, Tian)
0–412:08 – Hu (Tian) (PP2)
0–517:42 – Wang Z. (Tian, Li)
0–625:23 – Qiu (Lyu)
22 minPenalties10 min
1Shots25
Quarterfinal
9 March 2022
20:05		China 4–3
(1–1, 1–0, 2–2)		 Czech RepublicBeijing National Indoor Stadium, Beijing
Game reference
Ji YanzhaoGoaliesMartin KudelaReferee:
Norway Owe Lüthcke
Linesmen:
Austria David Nothegger
Sweden Tony Rundström
Wang Z. (Cui, Zhu) – 06:481–0
1–108:06 – Geier (Hábl, Wagner)
Tian (Cui) – 20:292–1
Shen (Cui, Wang Z.) (PP) – 30:293–1
3–232:41 – Hečko (Ohar)
3–339:01 – Novotný (Geier, Hábl) (PP)
Wang Z. (Shen) – 43:094–3
10 minPenalties4 min
16Shots12
Semifinal
11 March 2022
20:05		United States 11–0
(4–0, 5–0, 2–0)		 ChinaBeijing National Indoor Stadium, Beijing
Attendance: 987
Game reference
Jen LeeGoaliesJi Yanzhao
Wang Wei		Referee:
Canada Kevin Webinger
Linesmen:
Canada Matt Fergenbaum
Sweden Andreas Lundén
Roybal (Farmer) – 05:231–0
Roybal (Farmer) – 05:552–0
Misiewicz (Farmer, Zych) – 08:453–0
Roybal (Farmer, Misiewicz) (PP) – 14:054–0
Misiewicz (Pauls) – 17:595–0
Farmer (Misiewicz, Roybal) (PP) – 19:476–0
Jones (Wallace, Roybal) (PP) – 22:317–0
Farmer (Zych) – 23:138–0
Woodke (Zych, Wallace) (PP) – 27:409–0
Roybal (Wallace, Jones) – 31:5710–0
Pauls – 33:0211–0
6 minPenalties12 min
37Shots6
Bronze medal game
12 March 2022
20:05		China 4–0
(1–0, 1–0, 2–0)		 South KoreaBeijing National Indoor Stadium, Beijing
Attendance: 492
Game reference
Ji YanzhaoGoaliesLee Jae-woongReferee:
Canada Kevin Webinger
Linesmen:
Canada Matt Fergenbaum
Sweden Tony Rundström
Wang Z. (Shen, Zhu) – 04:061–0
Shen – 16:002–0
Li (Shen, Zhu) – 43:153–0
Shen (Wang Z.) (ENG) – 44:484–0
22 minPenalties16 min
23Shots11

Snowboarding

China competed in snowboarding.[13]

Wheelchair curling

China automatically qualified as the host.[14][15]

Summary
Team Event Group stage Semifinal Final
Opposition
Score 		Opposition
Score 		Opposition
Score 		Opposition
Score 		Opposition
Score 		Opposition
Score 		Opposition
Score 		Opposition
Score 		Opposition
Score 		Opposition
Score 		Rank Opposition
Score 		Opposition
Score 		Rank
Wang Haitao
Chen Jianxin
Zhang Mingliang
Yan Zhou
Sun Yulong 		Mixed  CAN
L 3–7 		 SWE
L 1–5 		 EST
W 9–3 		 KOR
W 9–4 		 SUI
W 7–4 		 USA
W 10–2 		 SVK
W 7–5 		 NOR
W 7–4 		 GBR
W 6–3 		 LAT
W 9–2 		1 Q  CAN
W 9–5 		 SWE
W 8–3 		1st place, gold medalist(s)

Round robin Final round-robin standings

Key
Teams to Playoffs
Country Skip W L W–L PF PA EW EL BE SE S% DSC
 China Wang Haitao 8 2 – 68 39 36 28 2 13 71% 122.32
 Slovakia Radoslav Ďuriš 7 3 2–0 65 57 40 33 1 16 65% 95.19
 Sweden Viljo Petersson-Dahl 7 3 1–1 66 52 37 35 3 18 68% 91.08
 Canada Mark Ideson 7 3 0–2 69 50 36 33 2 11 71% 95.29
 United States Matthew Thums 5 5 1–0 60 75 32 39 2 6 60% 70.98
 South Korea Go Seung-nam 5 5 0–1 64 59 35 37 0 11 64% 103.20
 Norway Jostein Stordahl 4 6 2–0 60 64 37 38 2 13 64% 107.82
 Great Britain Hugh Nibloe 4 6 1–1 67 56 37 36 0 16 62% 134.75
 Latvia Poļina Rožkova 4 6 0–2 61 71 40 32 0 18 63% 100.43
 Estonia Andrei Koitmäe 3 7 – 51 69 32 41 2 13 61% 106.21
 Switzerland Laurent Kneubühl 1 9 – 48 87 32 42 0 8 56% 109.27
Wheelchair curling round robin summary table
Pos. Country Canada China Estonia Great Britain Japan Norway Slovakia South Korea Sweden Switzerland United States Record
4  Canada — 7–3 9–3 6–3 10–3 7–6 8–9 4–9 3–6 8–4 7–4 7–3
1  China 3–7 — 9–3 6–3 9–2 7–4 7–5 9–4 1–5 7–4 10–2 8–2
10  Estonia 3–9 3–9 — 5–10 6–5 8–3 6–7 2–5 4–6 8–6 6–9 3–7
8  Great Britain 3–6 3–6 10–5 — 8–4 5–7 3–7 6–8 4–6 15–1 10–6 4–6
9  Latvia 3–10 2–9 5–6 4–8 — 6–8 8–4 8–4 9–7 9–7 7–8 4–6
7  Norway 6–7 4–7 3–8 7–5 8–6 — 9–3 4–9 6–8 8–5 5–6 4–6
2  Slovakia 9–8 5–7 7–6 7–3 4–8 3–9 — 7–2 6–5 8–6 9–3 7–3
6  South Korea 9–4 4–9 5–2 8–6 4–8 9–4 2–7 — 10–4 7–8 6–7 5–5
3  Sweden 6–3 5–1 6–4 6–4 7–9 8–6 5–6 4–10 — 9–2 10–7 7–3
11  Switzerland 4–8 4–7 6–8 1–15 7–9 5–8 6–8 8–7 2–9 — 5–8 1–9
5  United States 4–7 2–10 9–6 6–10 8–7 6–5 3–9 7–6 7–10 8–5 — 5–5

Draw 1
Saturday, March 5, 14:35

Sheet B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Final
 China (Wang) (has hammer) 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 X 3
 Canada (Ideson) 0 1 0 3 1 0 2 X 7

Draw 3
Sunday, March 6, 9:35

Sheet C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Final
 China (Wang) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 1
 Sweden (Petersson-Dahl) (has hammer) 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 X 5

Draw 5
Sunday, March 6, 19:35

Sheet A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Final
 Estonia (Koitmäe) 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 X 3
 China (Wang) (has hammer) 3 1 0 2 1 0 2 X 9

Draw 7
Monday, March 7, 14:35

Sheet B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Final
 South Korea (Go) (has hammer) 0 3 0 0 1 0 X X 4
 China (Wang) 2 0 1 1 0 5 X X 9

Draw 8
Monday, March 7, 19:35

Sheet A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Final
 China (Wang) 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 2 7
 Switzerland (Kneubühl) (has hammer) 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 4

Draw 11
Tuesday, March 8, 19:35

Sheet C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Final
 China (Wang) 0 5 0 3 2 0 X X 10
 United States (Thums) (has hammer) 0 0 1 0 0 1 X X 2

Draw 12
Wednesday, March 9, 9:35

Sheet D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Final
 China (Wang) (has hammer) 0 2 0 0 3 2 0 X 7
 Slovakia (Ďuriš) 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 X 5

Draw 13
Wednesday, March 9, 14:35

Sheet C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Final
 Norway (Syversen) 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 4
 China (Wang) (has hammer) 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 4 7

Draw 15
Thursday, March 10, 9:35

Sheet B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Final
 China (Wang) (has hammer) 1 0 1 0 2 1 1 X 6
 Great Britain (Nibloe) 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 X 3

Draw 17
Thursday, March 10, 19:35

Sheet A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Final
 Latvia (Rožkova) 1 0 0 0 1 0 X X 2
 China (Wang) (has hammer) 0 2 1 3 0 3 X X 9

Semifinal

Friday, March 11, 14:35

Sheet C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Final
 China (Wang) (has hammer) 1 0 3 0 3 2 0 X 9
 Canada (Ideson) 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 X 5
Final

Saturday, March 12, 14:35

Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Final
 China (Wang) (has hammer) 0 1 0 0 4 0 3 X 8
 Sweden (Petersson-Dahl) 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 X 3

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Brennan, Eliott (24 February 2022). "Over Eighty debutants in 96-member Chinese squad for Beijing Winter Paralympics". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  2. ^ "NPC Entries - Team People's Republic of China People's Republic of China". 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  3. ^ Pavitt, Michael (4 March 2022). "Beijing 2022 to feature record number of female athletes at Winter Paralympics". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  4. ^ "Beijing 2022 Medals". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  5. ^ "Paralympic Results & Historical Records". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  6. ^ Barker, Philip (3 March 2022). "China names flagbearers for Beijing 2022 Winter Paralympics". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  7. ^ "Alpine Skiing Results Book" (PDF). 2022 Winter Paralympics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  8. ^ "Biathlon Results Book" (PDF). 2022 Winter Paralympics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  9. ^ "Cross-country Skiing Results Book" (PDF). 2022 Winter Paralympics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  10. ^ Morgan, Liam (30 November 2021). "Italy secure place in Para ice hockey event at Beijing 2022". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  11. ^ Morgan, Liam (1 December 2021). "Slovakia to make Para ice hockey debut after qualifying for Beijing 2022". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  12. ^ "Berlin 2021: Italy and Slovakia book last tickets to Beijing Winter Paralympics". Paralympic.org. 1 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  13. ^ "Snowboarding Results Book" (PDF). 2022 Winter Paralympics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  14. ^ "Estonian wheelchair curling team qualifies for Beijing Paralympics". ERR. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  15. ^ "Paralympic qualification". World Curling Federation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2021.