Cia-Cia language
Austronesian language spoken on Buton island, Indonesia
| Cia-Cia | |
|---|---|
| Butonese | |
| Bahasa Ciacia 바하사 찌아찌아 بهاس چيا-چيا | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Baubau, Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi |
Native speakers | 79,000 (2005)[1] |
Language family | Austronesian
|
Writing system | Hangul (present) Latin (present) Gundhul (historical) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | cia |
| Glottolog | ciac1237 |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Cia-Cia, also known as Buton or Butonese, is an Austronesian language spoken principally around the city of Baubau on the southern tip of Buton island, off the southeast coast of Sulawesi, in Indonesia.[2] It is written using the Latin and Hangul scripts.
Demographics
As of 2005, there were 80,000 speakers of Cia-Cia,[1] many of whom also use Wolio, which is closely related to Cia-Cia, as well as Indonesian. Wolio is falling into disuse as a written language among the Cia-Cia, as it is written using the Arabic script, and Indonesian is now taught in schools using the Latin script.[3][unreliable source?]
Cia-Cia has been privately taught to schoolchildren in the hangul script since 2008. The students are also taught some basic Korean.[4] The program remained active as of 2023.[5]
Geographic distribution
Cia-Cia is spoken in Southeast Sulawesi, south Buton Island, Binongko Island, and Batu Atas Island.[1]
According to legend, Cia-Cia speakers on Binonko descend from Butonese troops sent by a Butonese sultan.[6]
Name
The name of the language comes from the negator cia "no". It is also known as Buton, Butonese, Butung, and in Dutch Boetonees, names it shares with Wolio, and as South Buton or Southern Butung.[1]
Dialects
The language situation on the island of Buton is very complicated and not known in great detail.[7]
Dialects include Kaesabu, Sampolawa (Mambulu-Laporo), Wabula (with its subvarieties), and Masiri.[8] The Masiri dialect shows the greatest amount of vocabulary in common with the standard dialect.[1] The Pedalaman dialect uses gh—equivalent to r in other dialects—in native vocabulary, and r in loan words.[9][page needed]
Phonology
Phonology according to Reve van den Berg (1991).[2]
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Approximant | β | l | (j) | ||||
| Trill | (r) | (ʁ) | |||||
Notes:
- /k/ is realized as a palatal affricate /c/ before high vowels /i/ and /u/
- /r/ is either an alveolar trill /r/, or a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ or uvular trill /ʁ/, depending on the dialect
Vowels
Cia-cia has a common five-vowel system.[2][10]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a | |
Orthography
Cia-Cia was once written in a Jawi-like script called Gundhul, based on Arabic, with five additional consonant letters but no signs for vowels.[citation needed]
Hangul
In 2009, residents of the city of Baubau set about adopting Hangul, the script for the Korean language, to write Cia-Cia.[11]
The mayor consulted the Indonesian government on the possibility of making the writing system official.[12] However, the project encountered difficulties between the city of Baubau, the Hunminjeongeum Society, and the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 2011.[13] The King Sejong Institute, which had been established in Baubau in 2011 to teach Hangul to locals, abandoned its offices after a year of operation, in 2012;[14] it reopened them in 2022.[15] In December 2023, Agence France-Presse again published an article with interviews showcasing the Hangul effort.[5]
As of 2017, Hangul remains in use in schools and on local signs.[16]
In January 2020, the publication of the first Cia-Cia dictionary in Hangul was announced. It was published in 2022.[15][17][18][needs update]
| Consonants | Vowels | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Latin | IPA | Latin |
| /ɡ/ | g | /a/ | a |
| /k/ | k | /e/ | e |
| /n/ | n | /o/ | o |
| /d/ | d | /u/ | u |
| /ɗ/ | dh | /i/ | i |
| /t/ | t | ||
| /r ~ ʁ/ | r~gh | ||
| /l/ | l | ||
| /m/ | m | ||
| /b/ | b | ||
| /β/ | v~w | ||
| /ɓ/ | bh | ||
| /p/ | p | ||
| /s/ | s | ||
| /ʔ/ | ’ | ||
| /ŋ/ | ng | ||
| /dʒ/ | j | ||
| /tʃ/ | c | ||
| /h/ | h | ||
| Consonants[19] | Vowels[10] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Hangul | IPA | Hangul |
| /ɡ/ | ㄱ | /a/ | ㅏ |
| /k/ | ㄲ | /e/ | ㅔ |
| /n/ | ㄴ | /o/ | ㅗ |
| /d/ | ㄷ | /u/ | ㅜ |
| /ɗ/ | ㅌ | /i/ | ㅣ |
| /t/ | ㄸ | (null) | ㅡ |
| /r/ | ㄹ | ||
| /l/ | ᄙ[a] | ||
| /m/ | ㅁ | ||
| /b/ | ㅂ | ||
| /β/ | ㅸ | ||
| /ɓ/ | ㅍ | ||
| /p/ | ㅃ | ||
| /s/ | ㅅ | ||
| /ʔ/ | ㅡ | ||
| /ŋ/ | ㅇ | ||
| /dʒ/ | ㅈ | ||
| /tʃ/ | ㅉ | ||
| /h/ | ㅎ | ||
| /ʁ/ | ㅋ | ||
- ^ ᄙ is not a separate letter. The medial /r/ and /l/ are distinguished by writing a single letter (ㄹ) for /r/ and double (ᄙ) for /l/. Double ㄹ must be written in two syllables. The final /l/ is written with a single letter ㄹ; for the final consonant /r/, the null vowel (ㅡ) is added. Null consonant and vowel letters (으) are added for initial /l/.[citation needed]
Examples
Words
Cia-Cia, like Muna, has three sets of numerals: a free form, a prefixed form, and a reduplicated form.[2] The prefixed form is used before units of 10 (pulu), 100 (hacu), and 1,000 (riwu), and before classifiers and measure nouns. The reduplicated form is used after units of ten when counting. ompulu is an irregular exception.[2]
| Latin | Hangul | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | dise, ise | 디세, 이세 |
| 2 | rua, ghua | 루아 |
| 3 | tolu | 똘루 |
| 4 | pa'a | 빠아 |
| 5 | lima | 을리마 |
| 6 | no'o | 노오 |
| 7 | picu | 삐쭈 |
| 8 | walu, oalu | ᄫᅡᆯ루, 오알루 |
| 9 | siua | 시우아 |
| 10 | ompulu | 옴뿔루 |
| 29 | rua-pulu-po-picu | |
| 80 | walu-pulu |
Sentences
An example of the Hangul script, followed by the Latin alphabet and IPA:[21][22]
3R:third person realis 3IR:third person irrealis 3DO:third person direct object 3POS:third person posessive
VM:verbal marker아디
Adi
aɗi
Adi.NOM
세링
sering
seriŋ
often
빨리
pali
pali
very
노논또
nononto
nononto
3R-watch
뗄레ᄫᅵ시.
televisi.
teleβisi
television.
아마노
Amano
amano
Father-3POS
노뽀옴바에
nopo'ombae
nopoʔomɓa.e
3R-tell-3DO
이아
ia
i.a
he
나누몬또
nanumonto
nanumonto
3IR-watch
뗄레ᄫᅵ시
televisi
teleβisi
television
꼴리에
kolie
koli.e
don't
노몰렝오.
nomolengo.
nomoleŋo.
3R-VM-long
아디 세링 빨리 노논또 뗄레ᄫᅵ시. 아마노 노뽀옴바에 이아 나누몬또 뗄레ᄫᅵ시 꼴리에 노몰렝오.
Adi sering pali nononto televisi. Amano nopo'ombae ia nanumonto televisi kolie nomolengo.
aɗi seriŋ pali nononto teleβisi amano nopoʔomɓa.e i.a nanumonto teleβisi koli.e nomoleŋo.
Adi.NOM often very 3R-watch television. Father-3POS 3R-tell-3DO he 3IR-watch television don't 3R-VM-long
Adi often watches television. His father advises him not to watch too much TV.
Reve van den Berg (1991) provides a few more examples.[2]
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e Cia-Cia at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e f g h van den Berg, Rene (1991). "Preliminary notes on the Cia-Cia language (South Buton)". Excursies in Celebes (PDF). Leiden: KITLV. pp. 305–324.
- ^ Butonese – Orientation
- ^ a b Wright, Tom; Fairclough, Gordon (11 September 2009). "To Save Its Dying Tongue, Indonesian Isle Orders Out for Korean". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ a b Anya, Agnes (20 December 2023). "Indigenous Indonesians use Korean letters to save dialect". The Japan Times (Agence France-Presse).
- ^ Noorduyn, J. 1991. "A critical survey of studies on the languages of Sulawesi" p. 131.
- ^ Noorduyn, J. 1991. "A critical survey of studies on the languages of Sulawesi" p. 130.
- ^ Donohue, Mark. 1999. "A grammar of Tukang Besi". p. 6.
- ^ La Yani Konisi; Ahid Hidayat (2001). Analisis kategori kata bahasa cia liwungau (Research report) (in Indonesian). Universitas Terbuka Kendari.
- ^ a b Dessiar, Achmad Rio (27 October 2021). "A Contrastive Study on Korean and Cia-Cia Language Vowels Based on an Acoustic Experiment". Jurnal Humaniora. 33 (3): 182. doi:10.22146/jh.68044.
- ^ "Southeast Sulawesi Tribe Using Korean Alphabet to Preserve Native Tongue". Jakarta Globe. Agence France-Presse. 6 August 2009. Archived from the original on 10 August 2009.
- ^ Lee Tae-hoon, "Hangeul didn't become Cia Cia's official writing", The Korea Times, 6 October 2010.
- ^ "Adoption of Hangeul by Indonesian Tribe Hits Snag". The Chosun Ilbo. 10 October 2011. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
- ^ Yi, Whan-woo (8 October 2012). "Sejong Institute withdrawal to leave Cia-Cia out in cold". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
- ^ a b So-hyun, Kim (2 April 2023). "[Hello Hangeul] Sharing the Korean alphabet with the world". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ "Wow... Ada Kampung Korea di Sulawesi Tenggara!" [Wow... There's a Korean village in Southeast Sulawesi] (in Indonesian). Kompas TV. 7 April 2017 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Indonesian Minority to Publish Hangul Dictionary to Preserve Ethnic Language". Korea Bizwire. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ Ryu, Il-Hyeong (6 January 2020). "표기문자 '한글' 채택한 인니 찌아찌아족 '언어사전' 첫 편찬" [First dictionary of the language of the Cia-Cia people in Indonesia that adopted Hangul to be compiled]. Yonhap News (in Korean). Archived from the original on 6 January 2020.
- ^ Wells, John (20 October 2009). "Cia-Cia". John Wells's phonetic blog.
With one exception, the Cia-Cia phonemes can be mapped onto a subset of those of Korean and are therefore written the same way. The exception is the fricative /v/, which is not found in contemporary Korean, but for which Lee resurrected the obsolete hangul jamo (or Korean letter) ᄫ (U+112B). (ᄫ was used as a symbol for the voiced bilabial fricative.) The Cia-Cia implosives /ɓ/ and /ɗ/ are written with standard hangul jamo, as ㅍ and ㅌ. So the series /t, d, ɗ/ are written with the jamo that in Korean stand for /t*, t~d, th/ respectively, namely ㄸ, ㄷ, ㅌ.
- ^ Numbers in Austronesian languages
- ^ Yu, Jae-Yeon (6 August 2009). "印尼 소수민족, '한글' 공식 문자로 채택" [Hangul adopted as official alphabet of Indonesian minority group]. No Cut News (in Korean). Archived from the original on 15 November 2021.
- ^ Example is part of a textbook: Lee, Ho-Young; Hwang, Hyo-sung; Abidin (2009). 바하사 찌아찌아 1 [Bahasa Cia-Cia 1]. Hunmin jeongeum Society of Korea.
Sources
- Mustafa Abdullah. 1985. Struktur bahasa Cia-Cia. Proyek Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah Sulawesi Selatan, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
- Cho, Tae-Young (26 November 2012). "Cia-Cia Language: From The Era of Oral to the Era of Writing" (PDF). Humaniora. 24 (3): 324–332. doi:10.22146/jh.1374. ISSN 2302-9269.
External links
Indonesia portal
Languages portal
Cia-Cia language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
- Cia-cia: Sampolawa language on Globalrecordings.net
- (in Korean) Interview on the Cia-Cia's adaption of Hangeul
- v
- t
- e
| Bungku–Tolaki | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muna–Buton | |||||||
| Saluan–Banggai | |||||||
| Tomini–Tolitoli * | |||||||
| Kaili–Wolio * |
| ||||||
- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
