Cronquist system

System of flowering plant classification

The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) and An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981) (see Bibliography).

Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two broad classes, Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) and Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Within these classes, related orders are grouped into subclasses. While the scheme was widely used, in either the original form or in adapted versions, many botanists now use the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants, first developed in 1998. The system as laid out in Cronquist's An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (1981) counts 64 orders and 321 families in class Magnoliopsida and 19 orders and 65 families in class Liliopsida.

The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants 1968 (monocots)

Class Liliatae (Monocotyledoneae)

Subclass Alismatidae (4 orders)
- Order Alismatales
- Order Hydrocharitales
- Order Najadales
- Order Triuridales
Subclass Commelinidae (8 orders)
- Order Commelinales
- Order Eriocaulales
- Order Restionales
- Order Juncales
- Order Cyperales
- Order Typhales
- Order Bromeliales
- Order Zingiberales
Subclass Arecidae (4 orders)
- Order Arecales
- Order Cyclanthales
- Order Pandanales
- Order Arales
Subclass Liliidae (2 orders)
- Order Liliales
  - Family Philydraceae
  - Family Pontederiaceae
  - Family Liliaceae (Alluaceae, Alstroemeriaceae, Aphyllanthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Colchicaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Melanthiaceae, Petermanniaceae, Philesiaceae, Ruscaceae, Trilliaceae)
  - Family Iridaceae
  - Family Agavaceae
  - Family Xanthorrhoeaceae
  - Family Velloziaceae
  - Family Haemodoraceae (Tecophilaeceae)
  - Family Taccaceae
  - Family Cyanastraceae
  - Family Stemonaceae (Roxburghiaceae)
  - Family Smilacaceae
  - Family Dioscoreaceae (Stenomeridaceae, Trichopodaceae)
- Order Orchidales
  - Family Geosiridaceae
  - Family Burmanniaceae (Thismiaceae)
  - Family Corsiaceae
  - Family Orchidaceae (Apostasiaceae)

An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants 1981

Class Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)

Subclass Magnoliidae (mostly basal dicots)
1. Order Magnoliales
  1. Winteraceae
  2. Degeneriaceae
  3. Himantandraceae
  4. Eupomatiaceae
  5. Austrobaileyaceae
  6. Magnoliaceae (magnolia family)
  7. Lactoridaceae
  8. Annonaceae
  9. Myristicaceae
  10. Canellaceae
2. Order Laurales
  1. Amborellaceae
  2. Trimeniaceae
  3. Monimiaceae
  4. Gomortegaceae
  5. Calycanthaceae
  6. Idiospermaceae (now part of Calycanthaceae)
  7. Lauraceae (laurel family)
  8. Hernandiaceae
3. Order Piperales
  1. Chloranthaceae
  2. Saururaceae
  3. Piperaceae (pepper family)
4. Order Aristolochiales
  1. Aristolochiaceae
5. Order Illiciales
  1. Illiciaceae
  2. Schisandraceae
6. Order Nymphaeales
  1. Nelumbonaceae (lotus family)
  2. Nymphaeaceae (waterlily family)
  3. Barclayaceae
  4. Cabombaceae
  5. Ceratophyllaceae
7. Order Ranunculales
  1. Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)
  2. Circaeasteraceae
  3. Berberidaceae
  4. Sargentodoxaceae
  5. Lardizabalaceae
  6. Menispermaceae
  7. Coriariaceae
  8. Sabiaceae
8. Order Papaverales
  1. Papaveraceae (poppy family)
  2. Fumariaceae
Subclass Hamamelidae [sic: correctly Hamamelididae]
1. Order Trochodendrales
  1. Tetracentraceae
  2. Trochodendraceae
2. Order Hamamelidales
3. Order Daphniphyllales
  1. Daphniphyllaceae
4. Order Didymelales
  1. Didymelaceae
5. Order Eucommiales
  1. Eucommiaceae
6. Order Urticales
  1. Barbeyaceae
  2. Ulmaceae
  3. Cannabaceae (cannabis family)
  4. Moraceae (mulberry family)
  5. Cecropiaceae
  6. Urticaceae
7. Order Leitneriales
  1. Leitneriaceae
8. Order Juglandales
  1. Rhoipteleaceae
  2. Juglandaceae
9. Order Myricales
  1. Myricaceae
10. Order Fagales
11. Order Casuarinales
  1. Casuarinaceae
Subclass Caryophyllidae
1. Order Caryophyllales
  1. Phytolaccaceae
  2. Achatocarpaceae
  3. Nyctaginaceae
  4. Aizoaceae
  5. Didiereaceae
  6. Cactaceae (cactus family)
  7. Chenopodiaceae
  8. Amaranthaceae
  9. Portulacaceae
  10. Basellaceae
  11. Molluginaceae
  12. Caryophyllaceae
2. Order Polygonales
  1. Polygonaceae
3. Order Plumbaginales
  1. Plumbaginaceae
Subclass Dilleniidae
1. Order Dilleniales
  1. Dilleniaceae
  2. Paeoniaceae
2. Order Theales
  1. Ochnaceae
  2. Sphaerosepalaceae
  3. Sarcolaenaceae
  4. Dipterocarpaceae
  5. Caryocaraceae
  6. Theaceae (tea family)
  7. Actinidiaceae (kiwi family)
  8. Scytopetalaceae
  9. Pentaphylacaceae
  10. Tetrameristaceae
  11. Pellicieraceae
  12. Oncothecaceae
  13. Marcgraviaceae
  14. Quiinaceae
  15. Elatinaceae
  16. Paracryphiaceae
  17. Medusagynaceae
  18. Clusiaceae
3. Order Malvales
  1. Elaeocarpaceae
  2. Tiliaceae
  3. Sterculiaceae
  4. Bombacaceae
  5. Malvaceae (mallow family)
4. Order Lecythidales
  1. Lecythidaceae
5. Order Nepenthales
6. Order Violales
  1. Flacourtiaceae
  2. Peridiscaceae
  3. Bixaceae
  4. Cistaceae (rock rose family)
  5. Huaceae
  6. Lacistemataceae
  7. Scyphostegiaceae
  8. Stachyuraceae
  9. Violaceae (violet family)
  10. Tamaricaceae (tamarix family)
  11. Frankeniaceae
  12. Dioncophyllaceae
  13. Ancistrocladaceae
  14. Turneraceae
  15. Malesherbiaceae
  16. Passifloraceae (passionflower family)
  17. Achariaceae
  18. Caricaceae (papaya family)
  19. Fouquieriaceae
  20. Hoplestigmataceae
  21. Cucurbitaceae (squash family)
  22. Datiscaceae
  23. Begoniaceae
  24. Loasaceae
7. Order Salicales
  1. Salicaceae
8. Order Capparales
  1. Tovariaceae
  2. Capparaceae
  3. Brassicaceae (mustard family)
  4. Moringaceae
  5. Resedaceae
9. Order Batales
  1. Gyrostemonaceae
  2. Bataceae
10. Order Ericales
11. Order Diapensiales
  1. Diapensiaceae
12. Order Ebenales
  1. Sapotaceae
  2. Ebenaceae
  3. Styracaceae
  4. Lissocarpaceae
  5. Symplocaceae
13. Order Primulales
  1. Theophrastaceae
  2. Myrsinaceae
  3. Primulaceae (primula family)
Subclass Rosidae
1. Order Rosales
  1. Brunelliaceae
  2. Connaraceae
  3. Eucryphiaceae
  4. Cunoniaceae
  5. Davidsoniaceae
  6. Dialypetalanthaceae
  7. Pittosporaceae
  8. Byblidaceae
  9. Hydrangeaceae
  10. Columelliaceae
  11. Grossulariaceae
  12. Greyiaceae
  13. Bruniaceae
  14. Anisophylleaceae
  15. Alseuosmiaceae
  16. Crassulaceae
  17. Cephalotaceae
  18. Saxifragaceae
  19. Rosaceae (rose family)
  20. Neuradaceae
  21. Crossosomataceae
  22. Chrysobalanaceae
  23. Surianaceae
  24. Rhabdodendraceae
2. Order Fabales
  1. Mimosaceae (mimosa family)
  2. Caesalpiniaceae
  3. Fabaceae (legume/pea family)
3. Order Proteales
  1. Elaeagnaceae
  2. Proteaceae
4. Order Podostemales
  1. Podostemaceae
5. Order Haloragales
  1. Haloragaceae
  2. Gunneraceae
6. Order Myrtales
  1. Sonneratiaceae
  2. Lythraceae
  3. Penaeaceae
  4. Crypteroniaceae
  5. Thymelaeaceae
  6. Trapaceae
  7. Myrtaceae (myrtle family)
  8. Punicaceae
  9. Onagraceae
  10. Oliniaceae
  11. Melastomataceae
  12. Combretaceae
  13. Alzateaceae
  14. Memecylaceae
  15. Rhyncocalycaceae
7. Order Rhizophorales
  1. Rhizophoraceae
8. Order Cornales
9. Order Santalales
10. Order Rafflesiales
  1. Hydnoraceae
  2. Mitrastemonaceae
  3. Rafflesiaceae (rafflesia family)
11. Order Celastrales
  1. Geissolomataceae
  2. Celastraceae
  3. Hippocrateaceae
  4. Stackhousiaceae
  5. Salvadoraceae
  6. Aquifoliaceae
  7. Icacinaceae
  8. Aextoxicaceae
  9. Cardiopteridaceae
  10. Corynocarpaceae
  11. Dichapetalaceae
  12. Tepuianthaceae
12. Order Euphorbiales
  1. Buxaceae (box family)
  2. Simmondsiaceae
  3. Pandaceae
  4. Euphorbiaceae
13. Order Rhamnales
  1. Rhamnaceae
  2. Leeaceae
  3. Vitaceae (grape family)
14. Order Linales
  1. Erythroxylaceae
  2. Humiriaceae
  3. Ixonanthaceae
  4. Hugoniaceae
  5. Linaceae
15. Order Polygalales
16. Order Sapindales
  1. Staphyleaceae
  2. Melianthaceae
  3. Bretschneideraceae
  4. Akaniaceae
  5. Sapindaceae
  6. Hippocastanaceae
  7. Aceraceae
  8. Burseraceae
  9. Anacardiaceae (cashew family)
  10. Julianiaceae
  11. Simaroubaceae
  12. Cneoraceae
  13. Meliaceae
  14. Rutaceae (citrus family)
  15. Zygophyllaceae
17. Order Geraniales
18. Order Apiales
  1. Araliaceae
  2. Apiaceae (carrot family)
Subclass Asteridae
1. Order Gentianales
  1. Loganiaceae
  2. Retziaceae
  3. Gentianaceae
  4. Saccifoliaceae
  5. Apocynaceae
  6. Asclepiadaceae
2. Order Solanales
  1. Duckeodendraceae
  2. Nolanaceae
  3. Solanaceae (nightshade/tomato family)
  4. Convolvulaceae
  5. Cuscutaceae
  6. Menyanthaceae
  7. Polemoniaceae
  8. Hydrophyllaceae
  9. Retziaceae
3. Order Lamiales
  1. Lennoaceae
  2. Boraginaceae
  3. Verbenaceae
  4. Lamiaceae (mint family)
4. Order Callitrichales
5. Order Plantaginales
  1. Plantaginaceae
6. Order Scrophulariales
  1. Buddlejaceae
  2. Oleaceae (olive family)
  3. Scrophulariaceae
  4. Globulariaceae
  5. Myoporaceae
  6. Orobanchaceae
  7. Gesneriaceae
  8. Acanthaceae
  9. Pedaliaceae
  10. Bignoniaceae
  11. Mendonciaceae
  12. Lentibulariaceae
7. Order Campanulales
  1. Pentaphragmataceae
  2. Sphenocleaceae
  3. Campanulaceae (bell flower family)
  4. Stylidiaceae
  5. Donatiaceae
  6. Brunoniaceae
  7. Goodeniaceae
8. Order Rubiales
  1. Rubiaceae (coffee family)
  2. Theligonaceae
9. Order Dipsacales
10. Order Calycerales
  1. Calyceraceae
11. Order Asterales
  1. Asteraceae (sunflower family)

Class Liliopsida (monocotyledons)

Subclass Alismatidae
1. Order Alismatales
2. Order Hydrocharitales
  1. Hydrocharitaceae
3. Order Najadales
4. Order Triuridales
  1. Petrosaviaceae
  2. Triuridaceae
Subclass Arecidae
1. Order Arecales
  1. Arecaceae (palm family)
2. Order Cyclanthales
  1. Cyclanthaceae
3. Order Pandanales
  1. Pandanaceae (pandan family)
4. Order Arales
Subclass Commelinidae
1. Order Commelinales
2. Order Eriocaulales
  1. Eriocaulaceae
3. Order Restionales
4. Order Juncales
  1. Juncaceae
  2. Thurniaceae
5. Order Cyperales
  1. Cyperaceae
  2. Poaceae (grass family)
6. Order Hydatellales
  1. Hydatellaceae
7. Order Typhales
  1. Sparganiaceae
  2. Typhaceae
Subclass Zingiberidae
1. Order Bromeliales
  1. Bromeliaceae
2. Order Zingiberales
  1. Strelitziaceae
  2. Heliconiaceae
  3. Musaceae
  4. Lowiaceae
  5. Zingiberaceae (ginger family)
  6. Costaceae
  7. Cannaceae
  8. Marantaceae
Subclass Liliidae
1. Order Liliales
  1. Philydraceae
  2. Pontederiaceae
  3. Haemodoraceae
  4. Cyanastraceae
  5. Liliaceae (lily family)
  6. Iridaceae (iris family)
  7. Velloziaceae
  8. Aloeaceae (aloe family)
  9. Agavaceae
  10. Xanthorrhoeaceae
  11. Hanguanaceae
  12. Taccaceae
  13. Stemonaceae
  14. Smilacaceae
  15. Dioscoreaceae
2. Order Orchidales
  1. Geosiridaceae
  2. Burmanniaceae
  3. Corsiaceae
  4. Orchidaceae (orchid family)

Bibliography

Texas A and M University Bioinformatics Working Group : Cronquist System Archived 2014-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
Reveal, James (4 October 1998). "Cronquist Family Names and Synonymy". Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Project. University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
Reveal, James (22 November 1998). "Lists of the Flowering Plant Taxa Accepted by Cronquist, Dahlgren, Reveal, Takhtajan & Thorne". Vascular Plant Family Nomenclature. University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium. Retrieved 3 January 2016.

Work by Cronquist

Cronquist, Arthur. (1957). Outline of a new system of families and orders of dicotyledons. Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat Brux. 27: 13–40.
Cronquist, Arthur (October 1960). "The divisions and classes of plants". The Botanical Review. 26 (4): 425–482. Bibcode:1960BotRv..26..425C. doi:10.1007/BF02940572. S2CID 43144314.
Cronquist, Arthur (September 1965). "The Status of the General System of Classification of Flowering Plants". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 52 (3): 281–303. doi:10.2307/2394794. JSTOR 2394794.
Cronquist, Arthur; Takhtajan, Armen; Zimmermann, Walter (April 1966). "On the Higher Taxa of Embryobionta". Taxon. 15 (4): 129–134. doi:10.2307/1217531. JSTOR 1217531.
Cronquist, A (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231038805.
Cronquist, A (1968). The evolution and classification of flowering plants (1st ed.). Boston: Houghton Mufflin Company.
Cronquist, A (1988) [1968]. The evolution and classification of flowering plants (2nd ed.). Bronx, NY: New York Botanical Garden. ISBN 9780893273323.
- Excerpt: Classification. 7 pp.

List of systems of plant taxonomy

This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by Lindley in his 1853 edition, and Dahlgren (1982). Examples include the works of Scopoli, Ventenat, Batsch and Grisebach.

Pre-Linnaean

John Ray system (1686–1704)	A discourse on the seeds of plants Methodus plantarum nova De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta

Pre-Darwinian

Linnaean system (1735–51)	Systema Naturae Species Plantarum Genera Plantarum Philosophia Botanica
Adanson system (1763)	Familles naturelles des plantes
De Jussieu system (1789)	Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam
De Candolle system (1819–24)	Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta
Berchtold and Presl system (1820–1823)	O Prirozenosti Rostlin
Agardh system (1825)	Classes Plantarum
Gray system (1821)	The Natural Arrangement of British Plants
Perleb system (1826)	Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs
Dumortier system (1829)	Analyse des familles des plantes
Lindley system (1830–45)	An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany The Vegetable Kingdom
Don system (1834)	General History of Dichlamydious Plants.
Bentham & Hooker system (1862–83)	Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita.
Baillon system (1867–94)	Histoire des plantes

Post-Darwinian (Phyletic)

Nineteenth century

Eichler system (1875–1886)	Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde
Engler system (1886–1924)	Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien Das Pflanzenreich
van Tieghem system (1891)	Traité de botanique

Twentieth century

Dalla Torre & Harms system (1900–07)	Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta
Warming system (1912)	Haandbog i den systematiske botanik
Hallier system (1912)	L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes
Bessey system (1915)	The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants
Wettstein system (1901–35)	Handbuch der systematischen Botanik
Lotsy system (1907–11)	Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik.
Hutchinson system (1926–73)	The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny
Calestani system (1933)	Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme
Kimura system (1956)	Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones
Emberger system (1960)	Traité de Botanique systématique
Melchior system (1964)	Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
Takhtajan system (1966–97)	A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants Flowering plants: origin and dispersal Diversity and classification of flowering plants
Cronquist system (1968–81)	The evolution and classification of flowering plants An integrated system of classification of flowering plants
Goldberg system (1986–89	Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons
Dahlgren system (1975–85)	The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy
Thorne system (1968–2000)	An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants
Kubitzki system (1990–)	The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
Reveal system (1997)	Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System (1998–)
An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III Chase & Reveal System (2009) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV Angiosperm Phylogeny Website

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System (1998–)