Severe Tropical Cyclone Kina was at the time the costliest storm to impact Fiji on record. Total losses from Kina are estimated to be near $F170 million ($US110 million). The system was first noted as a tropical depression, to the east of the Solomon Islands on 23 December. Over the next few days the system moved south-eastwards and gradually developed further, before it was named Kina, after it had developed into a tropical cyclone on 26 December.
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
During the middle of December 1992, an active phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation combined with a low-level equatorial surge and an upper-level ridge of high pressure, to provide favourable conditions for the development of several circulations within the monsoon trough.[1][2] During December 26, the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) started to issue gale warnings on one of the circulation and classified it as a tropical depression, while it was located just to the east of the Solomon Islands.[3] During that day, as the depression started to develop further, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 07P.[3][4] At this time, the system appeared to be moving south-southeastwards, which caused the FMS to think that the system posed a threat to the island nation of Vanuatu.[3] The system continued to develop during December 27, before it was named Kina by the FMS, after it had become a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.[3][5] The system subsequently continued to develop as it moved south-eastwards away from Vanuatu and environmental conditions became more favourable with a warm spot appearing on satellite imagery during December 28.[3]
During December 29, the JTWC reported that Cyclone Kina had reached its peak intensity with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 220 km/h (140 mph), which made the system equivalent to a category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale.[5] At around the same time TCWC Nadi also reported that the system had reached its initial peak intensity, with 10 - minute sustained wind speeds of 150 km/h (90 mph) which made it a category 3 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale.[3][5] The system subsequently remained at its peak intensity until early on December 31, when it start to weaken and move eastwards towards the Yasawa island group.[3][5] During the next day as the system approached the Northern Yasawa islands, Kina turned sharply towards the southeast, which made it pass between Fiji's two main islands of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu.[3]
Preparations and impact
Severe Tropical Cyclone Kina impacted the island nations of Fiji and Tonga, while it also threatened Vanuatu during its developing stages.[3] Kina was one of the most destructive tropical cyclones to affect Fiji, with parts of the archipelago experiencing the full brunt of a cyclone, for the first time in twenty years.[3] Fiji also suffered its second-greatest ever financial loss from a tropical cyclone, as a result of Kinas strange track through the island nation.[3] The only cyclone to cause more damage in Fiji was Winston of February 2016.[6] Due to the impact of this system, the name Kina was subsequently retired, from the list of names for the region by the World Meteorological Organization.[7]
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Fiji Highest-known totals
The systems rain bands started to impact the island nation during December 28, and over the next few days produced torrential rainfall throughout the archipelago.[3] Strong winds were observed in the islands during January 1 and gradually increased to hurricane force over the next few days, as the system passed virtually through the middle of Fiji.[3] As a result, most parts of the archipelago suffered moderate to severe damage was recorded, while 23 people were killed in Fiji by Kina mostly as a result of drowning and being struck by flying objects.[3]
Tonga
Late on January 2, the FMS issued a gale warning for the Tongan island groups of Haʻapai, Tongatapu and Vavaʻu, while the system was located about 555 km (345 mi) to the northwest of Nuku'alofa.[3] During the next day as Kina moved more towards the south-southeast than had been expected, a hurricane warning was issued for Tongatapu, while a storm warning was issued for Haʻapai.[3] Later that day the cyclone subsequently passed about 110 km (70 mi) to the southwest of Nuku'alofa.[3] The FMS subsequently downgraded the warnings to gale force as the system moved rapidly towards the south, before all warnings were cancelled early on January 4.[3] Within the islands major damage was confined to the Tongatapu group where the system caused a moderate amount of damages, with severe damage reported to food crops while a minimal amount of damage was reported to dwellings.[3] Within Nuku'alofa two people drowned, while another person was electrocuted.[3]
Wallis and Futuna
In conjunction with Kina, Nina affected Wallis and Futuna between January 3–4, however, there were no tropical cyclone warnings were issued for the French Territory by the FMS.[17][18] Kina affected Futuna during January 3, where sustained winds of up to 53 km/h (33 mph) and wind gusts of up to 69 km/h (43 mph) were recorded.[17] Nina affected Wallis Island later that day where sustained winds of up to 80 km/h (50 mph) and wind gusts of up to 68 km/h (42 mph) were recorded.[17][18][19] Within the islands some damage to crops and houses was reported.[17]
Tuvalu
After Severe Tropical Cyclone Joni had affected Tuvalu during the previous month, Nina and Kina indirectly impacted the island nation during the opening days of January 1993.[17][20][21] The systems contributed to the strength of the westerly winds that were already present over the islands, with winds of up to 130 km/h (80 mph) reported throughout the islands.[17][20] As these winds combined with a heavy westerly swell and high seas, where they caused flooding of up to 2 ft (0.61 m) over the islands of Nanumea, Nanumaga, Niutao, Nui and Vaitupu.[17][22] As a result, damage was reported to crops and several buildings in the island nation, including thirty houses.[20][23] The two cyclones caused a severe amount of erosion in the island nation, with the shoreline on Vaitupu, receding by about 5–6 m (16–20 ft).[21] The Vaitupu Fisheries Harbour, that had only just been built during 1992, was seriously damaged by waves attributed to the two cyclones.[24]
On the island of Nanumea, a poorly designed sea wall trapped the storm surge on the island, which caused salt water contamination of the island vegetation and killed several trees.[22] An appeal for international assistance was subsequently made by the Government of Tuvalu, as supplies of food and other essentials like petrol and kerosene on the worst affected islands were running low.[20] International assistance was subsequently provided, by the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs, who provided an emergency grant of US$10,000.[25] The European Commission also provided emergency aid to Tuvalu which enabled the Red Cross, to provide foodstuffs, shelter, medical supplies and utensils to people whose homes were destroyed.[26]
^Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement December 1992 (PDF) (Report). Vol. 11. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 7 February 2019. ISSN 1321-4233. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^Saison des perturbations tropicales Pacifique sud-ouest, 1993-1993. MetMar (Report). 1994. p. 18. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuPrasad, Rajendra (19 February 1992). Tropical Cyclone Report 92/1: Tropical Cyclone Kina, December 26, 1992 – January 5, 1993 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2020. Cite error: The named reference "Kina TCR" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1993 (PDF) (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1993. pp. 165–170, 216–224. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
^ abcd"1992 Tropical Cyclone Kina (1992358S07161)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^Romm, Joe. "Hottest Winter On Record By Far Drives Devastating Weather Disasters Globally". Climate Progress. Climate Progress. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
^RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2023 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
^Campbell, John R (1984). Dealing with disaster: hurricane response in Fiji(PDF). p. 55. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2024.
^"December 2016" (PDF). Fiji Climate Summary. Vol. 37, no. 12. Fiji Meteorological Service. 10 January 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^Krishna, Ram (4 January 1981). Publication No. 2: Tropical Cyclones in Fiji: November 1969 – April 1980 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. p. 3-5.
^"January 2021" (PDF). Fiji Climate Summary. Vol. 42, no. 1. Fiji Meteorological Service. 5 February 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
^Terry, James P; Raj, Rishi (1999). "Island Environment and Landscape Responses to 1997 Tropical Cyclones in Fiji". Pacific Science. 53 (3). University of Hawai'i Press: 257–272. hdl:10125/2184.
^Preliminary Report on Tropical Cyclone "June" (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. 27 May 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
^"April 2016" (PDF). Fiji Climate Summary. Vol. 37, no. 4. Fiji Meteorological Service. 6 May 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
^"December 2012" (PDF). Fiji Climate Summary. Vol. 33, no. 12. Fiji Meteorological Service. 7 January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
^ abcdefgTropical Cyclone Nina, December 21, 1992 – January 4, 1993 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. 20 May 1996. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
^ ab"Wallis and Futuna Cyclone Passes De 1880 à nos jours". Météo-France. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
^"Pacific storms leave 15 dead and thousands homeless". Agence France Presse. 4 January 1993.
^ abcd"Tuvalu Cyclone Nina January 1993 DHA-UNDRO Situation Report 1" (PDF). Relief Web. The United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. 5 January 1993. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
^ abChunting, Xue (30 April 2005). "Causes of Land Loss in Tuvalu, a small island nation in the Pacific" (PDF). Journal of Ocean University of China. 4 (2): 120. Bibcode:2005JOUC....4..115X. doi:10.1007/s11802-005-0004-8. ISSN 1672-5182. S2CID 189949564. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
^ abTuvalu's Views on the Possible Security Implications of Climate Change to be included in the report of the UN Secretary General to the UN General Assembly 64th Session (PDF) (Report). The United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. 5 January 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
^Tuvalu national report prepared for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction mid-term review and the 1994 World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Yokohama, Japan, May 23-27, 1994 (PDF). Prevention Web (Report). 16 February 1994. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
^Xue, Chunting (30 April 2005). "Coastal erosion and management of Vaitupu Island, Tuvalu" (PDF). he Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission. p. 120. ISSN 1672-5182. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
^OCHA-Geneva Contributions Report: Tuvalu — Cyclone "Nina" - January 1993 (Report). 14 April 1999. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
^"EU-Tuvalu cooperation". The Courier. 149 (January–February 1995).
Tropical cyclone
Subtropical cyclone
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
