DNa inscription

Ancient inscription on Darius I's tomb in Iran
A photograph of the DNa inscription at Naqshe Rostam, 2018
The Achaemenid Persian Empire at its greatest extent, c. 500 BCE[1][2][3]
The nationalities mentioned in the DNa inscription are also depicted on the upper register of the tomb of Darius I, as on all the dynastic tombs at Naqsh-e Rustam and Persepolis.[4][5]

The DNa inscription (abbreviation for Darius Naqsh-e Rostam inscription "a") is a famous Achaemenid royal inscription located in Naqsh-e Rostam, Iran. It dates to c. 490 BCE, the time of Darius the Great, and appears in the top-left corner of the façade of his tomb.

Content

The inscription mentions the conquests of Darius the Great and his various achievements during his life. Its exact date is not known, but it can be assumed to be from the last decade of his reign.[6]

Like several other inscriptions by Darius, the territories controlled by the Achaemenid Empire are clearly listed.[7]

The nationalities mentioned in the DNa inscription are otherwise vividly illustrated through the large sculptural relief on the upper registers of all the tombs, including that of Darius I, at Naqsh-e Rostam.[4][5] One of the best preserved is that of Xerxes I.

Script

The inscription is written in the Old Persian cuneiform, a nearly alphabetical, simple form of the ancient cuneiform scripts (36 phonetic characters and 8 logograms), which was specially designed and used by the early Achaemenid rulers from the 6th century BCE.[8]

k- x- g- c- ç- j- t- Ξ- d- p- f- b- n- m- y- v- r- l- s- z- š- h-
-(a) 𐎠 𐎣 𐎧 𐎥 𐎚 𐏂 𐎩 𐎫 𐎰 𐎭 𐎱 𐎳 𐎲 𐎎 𐎶 𐎹 𐎺 𐎌 𐎟 𐎿 𐏀 𐏁 𐏃
-i 𐎡 — — 𐎪 𐎮 𐎷 𐎻
-u 𐎢 𐎀 𐎊 — 𐎬 𐎯 𐎵 𐎞 — 𐎜

Full inscription

The full inscriptions consists in two parts, the first one being related to a description of the lineage of Darius, as well as a list of the countries under his rule. The second part is more religious in nature and related to the cult of Ahuramazda.

Darius I Naqsh I Rustam inscription
(DNa inscription)
English translation (Part I) Transliteration Original

(1) A great god is Ahuramazda, who created this earth, who created yonder sky, who created man, who created happiness for man, who made Darius king, one king of many, one lord of many.

I am Darius the great king, king of kings, king of countries containing all kinds of men, king in this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenid, a Persian, son of a Persian, an Aryan, having Aryan lineage.

(15) King Darius says: By the favor of Ahuramazda these are the countries which I seized outside of Persia; I ruled over them; they bore tribute to me; they did what was said to them by me; they held my law firmly; Media, Elam, Parthia, Aria,

(23) Bactria, Sogdia, Chorasmia,

(24) Drangiana, Arachosia, Sattagydia, Gandāra [Gadāra],

(25-26) India [Hiduš], the haoma-drinking Scythians, the Scythians with pointed caps, Babylonia, Assyria,

(27) Arabia, Egypt, Armenia,

(28) Cappadocia, Lydia, the Greeks (Yauna), the Scythians across the sea (Sakâ),

(29) Thrace, the petasos-wearing Greeks [Yaunâ], the Libyans,

(30) the Nubians, the men of Maka and the Carians.

— DNa inscription of Darius I.[9][10][11]
  1. baga vazraka Auramazdā hya imām
  2. būmim adā hya avam asmānam
  3. adā hya martiyam adā hya
  4. šiyātim adā martiyahyā
  5. hya Dārayavaum xšāyaΞiyam akunauš
  6. aivam parūvnām xšāyaΞiyam
  7. aivam parūvnām framātāram
  8. adam Dārayavauš xšāyaΞiya vazraka
  9. xšāyaΞiya xšāyaΞiyānām
  10. xšāyaΞiya dahyūnām vispazanānām
  11. xšāyaΞiya ahyāyā būmiyā
  12. vazrakāyā dūraiy apiy Vištāspahyā
  13. puça Haxāmanišiya Pārsa Pārsahyā
  14. puça Ariya Ariya ciça
  15. Ξātiy Dārayavauš xšāyaΞiya
  16. vašnā Auramazdāhā imā
  17. dahyāva tyā adam agarbāyam
  18. apataram hacā Pārsā adamšām :
  19. patiyaxšayaiy manā bājim abaraha
  20. tyašām hacāma aΞahya ava akunava
  21. dātam tya manā avadiš
  22. adāraiya Māda Ūvja ParΞava Haraiva
  23. Bāxtriš Suguda Uvārazmiš
  24. Zraka Harauvatiš Θataguš Gadāra
  25. Hiduš Sakā haumavargā Sakā
  26. tigraxaudā Bābirauš AΞurā
  27. Arabāya (Arabia) Mudrāya (Egypt) Armina (Armenia)
  28. Katpatuka Sparda Yauna (Ionia) Sakā tyaiy paradraya
  29. Skudra Yaunā takabarā Putāyā
  30. Kūšiyā Maciyā Karkā.[10]
DNa inscription part I
  1. 𐎲𐎥 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎌𐎣 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎌𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎡𐎶/𐎠𐎶
  2. 𐏐 𐎲𐎢𐎷𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎺𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎿𐎶/𐎠𐎎𐎶
  3. 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎌𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐏃/𐎹
  4. 𐏐 𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎌𐎫𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠
  5. 𐏐 𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎌𐎹𐎺𐎢𐎶 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎀/𐎢𐎎𐎢𐏁
  6. 𐏐 𐎠𐎡𐎺𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎜𐎢𐎺𐎎𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰/𐎡𐎹𐎶
  7. 𐏐 𐎠𐎡𐎺𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎜𐎢𐎺𐎎𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎳𐎌𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠/𐎌𐎶
  8. 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎌𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎺/𐏀𐎌𐎣
  9. 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎎𐎠𐎶
  10. 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎢𐎎𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎿𐎱𐏀𐎎𐎠/𐎎𐎠𐎶
  11. 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎢𐎷𐎡/𐎹𐎠
  12. 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎌𐎣𐎠𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐎌𐎡<𐎹 𐏐> 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿/𐎱𐏃𐎹𐎠
  13. 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎎𐎡𐏁𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎌𐎿 𐏐 𐎱/𐎠𐎌𐎿𐏃𐎹𐎠
  14. 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐏂 𐏐 𐎠𐎌𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎌𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎚𐎡/𐏂
  15. 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎌𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁[𐎠]𐎹/𐎰𐎡𐎹
  16. 𐏐 𐎺𐏁𐎎𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎌𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠𐏃𐎠 𐏐 𐎡𐎶[𐎠 𐏐]
  17. 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎥𐎌𐎲𐎠𐎹[𐎶 𐏐]
  18. 𐎠𐎱𐎫𐎌𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎚𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎌𐎿𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶𐏁𐎠[𐎶 𐏐]
  19. 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎎𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎪𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎲[𐎌]/𐏃
  20. 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐏁𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐏃𐎚𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐏃𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎺 𐏐 [𐎠]/𐎀𐎢𐎎𐎺
  21. 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎫𐎶 𐏐 𐎫𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎎𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎺𐎮𐎡[𐏁 𐏐]
  22. 𐎠𐎭𐎠𐎌𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎭 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎩 𐏐 𐎱𐎌𐎰𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎌[𐎡]/𐎺
  23. 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎌𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎿𐎢𐎊𐎢𐎭 𐏐 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎌𐏀[𐎷]/𐎡𐏁
  24. 𐏐 𐏀𐎌𐎣 𐏐 𐏃𐎌𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁 𐏐 𐎰𐎫𐎊𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎥/𐎭𐎠𐎌
  25. 𐏐 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎶𐎺𐎌𐎥𐎠 𐏐 𐎿/𐎣𐎠
  26. 𐏐 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎌𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎜𐎢[𐏁 𐏐] 𐎠/𐎰𐎢𐎌𐎠
  27. 𐏐 𐎠𐎌𐎲𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎞𐎢𐎭𐎌𐎠𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎌𐎷[𐎡𐎎]
  28. 𐏐 𐎣𐎫𐎱𐎬𐎢𐎣 𐏐 𐎿𐎱𐎌𐎭 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎎 𐏐 𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡[𐎹 𐏐 𐎱]/𐎌𐎭𐎌𐎹
  29. 𐏐 𐎿𐎀𐎢𐎭𐎌 𐏐 𐎹𐎢𐎎𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎌𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎢𐎫[𐎠]𐎹/𐎠
  30. 𐏐 𐎀𐎢𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎶𐎚𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎌𐎣𐎠 𐏐[10]
English translation (Part II) Transliteration Original

(1) King Darius says: Ahuramazda, when he saw this earth in commotion, thereafter bestowed it upon me, made me king; I am king. By the favor of Ahuramazda I put it down in its place; what I said to them, that they did, as was my desire.

If now you shall think that "How many are the countries which King Darius held?" look at the sculptures [of those] who bear the throne, then shall you know, then shall it become known to you: the spear of a Persian man has gone forth far; then shall it become known to you: a Persian man has delivered battle far indeed from Persia.

(18) Darius the King says: This which has been done, all that by the will of Ahuramazda I did. Ahuramazda bore me aid, until I did the work. May Ahuramazda protect me from harm, and my royal house, and this land: this I pray of Ahuramazda, this may Ahuramazda give to me!

O man, that which is the command of Ahuramazda, let this not seem repugnant to you; do not leave the right path; do not rise in rebellion!

— DNa inscription of Darius I.[9][10][11]
  1. Ξātiy Dārayavauš
  2. xšāyaΞiya Auramazdā yaΞā
  3. avaina : imām : bÅ«mim : yaudatim :
  4. pasāvadim : manā : frābara : mām : xšāyaΞiyam
  5. akunauš adam xšāyaΞiya
  6. amiy vašnā Auramazdāhā adamšim
  7. gāΞavā niyašādayam tyašām
  8. adam aΞaham ava akunava yaΞā mām
  9. kāma āha yadipatiy maniyāhaiy tya
  10. ciyakaram āha avā dahyāva
  11. tyā Dārayavauš xšāyaΞiya
  12. adāraya patikarā dīdiy tyaiy gāΞum
  13. baratiy avadā xÅ¡nāsāhy :
  14. adataiy azdā bavātiy Pārsahyā
  15. martiyahyā dūraiy arštiš parāgmatā
  16. adataiy azdā bavātiy
  17. Pārsa martiya dūrayapiy hacā Pārsā
  18. partaram patiyajatā Ξātiy Dārayavauš
  19. xšāyaΞiya aita tya kartam
  20. ava visam vašnā Auramazdāhā akunavam
  21. Auramazdāmaiy upastām abara
  22. yātā kartam akunavam mām Auramazdā
  23. pātuv hacā gastā utāmaiy
  24. viΞam utā imām dahyāum aita adam
  25. Auramazdām jadiyāmiy aitamaiya
  26. Auramazdā dadātuv
  27. martiyā hyā Auramazdāhā
  28. framānā hauvtaiy gastā
  29. mā Ξadaya paΞim
  30. tyām rāstām mā
  31. avarada mā stabava[10]
DNa inscription part II
  1. (last part of line) 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭
  2. 𐎠𐎌𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎌𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 [𐏐 𐎹]𐎰/𐎠
  3. 𐏐 𐎠𐎺𐎡𐎎 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎲𐎢𐎷𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎹𐎢[𐎭𐎫𐎡𐎶 𐏐]
  4. 𐎱𐎿𐎠𐎺𐎮𐎡𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎎𐎠 𐏐 𐎳𐎌𐎠𐎲𐎌 𐏐 𐎶𐎠𐎶 [𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠/𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹𐎶
  5. 𐏐 𐎠𐎀𐎢𐎎𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠[𐎹𐎰]𐎡𐎹
  6. 𐏐 𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎺𐏁𐎎𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎌𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠𐏃[𐎠] 𐏐 𐎠/𐎭𐎶𐏁𐎡𐎶
  7. 𐏐 𐎥𐎠𐎰𐎺𐎠 𐏐 𐎎𐎡𐎹𐏁𐎠𐎭𐎹𐎶 [𐏐 𐎫𐎹]𐏁𐎠/𐎶
  8. 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎰𐏃𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎠𐎀𐎢𐎎𐎺 𐏐 𐎹[𐎰𐎠 𐏐] 𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐
  9. 𐎣𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐏃 𐏐 𐎹𐎮𐎡𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎶𐎎𐎡𐎹[𐎠𐏃𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎫]/𐎹
  10. 𐏐 𐎚𐎡𐎹𐎣𐎌𐎶 𐏐 [𐎠𐏃 𐏐 𐎠]𐎺𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎺
  11. 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎠𐎌𐎹[𐎺]𐎢𐏁 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹[𐎰]𐎡𐎹
  12. 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎠𐎌𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎣𐎌𐎠 𐏐 𐎮𐎡𐎮𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡[𐎹] 𐏐 𐎥/𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎶
  13. 𐏐 𐎲𐎌𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠[𐎺]𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎎𐎠𐎿𐎠𐏃𐎹 𐏐
  14. 𐎠𐎭𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎺𐎠[𐎫]𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎌[𐎿]𐏃[𐎹𐎠 𐏐]
  15. 𐎶𐎌𐎫𐎡𐎹𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐎌𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎌𐏁𐎫[𐎡]𐏁 𐏐 𐎱/𐎌𐎠𐎥𐎶𐎫𐎠
  16. 𐏐 𐎠𐎭𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎲𐎺𐎠𐎫𐎡/𐎹
  17. 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎌𐎿 𐏐 𐎶𐎌𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎯𐎢𐎌𐎹𐎱𐎡𐎹 [𐏐 𐏃𐎚]𐎠 𐏐 𐎱𐎠/𐎌𐎿𐎠
  18. 𐏐 𐎱𐎌𐎫𐎌𐎶 𐏐 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎩𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎠𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎭𐎠/𐎌𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
  19. 𐏐 𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎡𐎫 𐏐 𐎫[𐎹 𐏐] 𐎣𐎌𐎫/𐎶
  20. 𐏐 𐎠𐎺 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎿𐎶 𐏐 𐎺𐏁𐎎𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎌𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠𐏃𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎀/𐎢𐎎𐎺𐎶
  21. 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎌𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠<𐎶>𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎢𐎱𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎲/𐎌
  22. 𐏐 𐎹𐎠𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎣𐎌𐎫𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎀𐎢𐎎[𐎺𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠]𐎶 𐏐 𐎠/𐎢𐎌𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠
  23. 𐏐 𐎱𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 𐏐 𐏃𐎚𐎠 𐏐 𐎥[𐎿𐎫𐎠] 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎶/𐎡𐎹
  24. 𐏐 𐎻𐎡𐎰𐎶 𐏐 𐎢𐎫𐎠 𐏐 𐎡𐎶𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎭𐏃𐎹𐎠𐎢𐎶 𐏐 𐎠𐎡𐎫 𐏐 𐎠𐎭/𐎶
  25. 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎌𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎩𐎮𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎷𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎠𐎡𐎫𐎶/𐎡𐎹
  26. 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎌𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠 𐏐 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 𐏐
  27. 𐎶𐎌𐎫𐎡𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎹𐎠 𐏐 𐎠𐎢𐎌𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠𐏃/𐎠
  28. 𐏐 𐎳𐎌𐎶𐎠𐎎𐎠 𐏐 𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎥𐎿/𐎫𐎠
  29. 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎰𐎭𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎰𐎡𐎶 𐏐
  30. 𐎫𐎹𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎌𐎠𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎶 𐏐 𐎶𐎠
  31. 𐏐 𐎠𐎺𐎌𐎭 𐏐 𐎶𐎠 𐏐 𐎿𐎫𐎲𐎺[10]

Specific country names

The DNa inscription records the various territories under the rule of Darius I.

  • The name for Lydia: Sparda (𐎿𐎱𐎌𐎭).
    The name for Lydia: Sparda (𐎿𐎱𐎌𐎭).
  • The name for India: HidÅ«Å¡ (𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 in Old Persian cuneiform) in the DNa inscription.
    The name for India: Hidūš (𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 in Old Persian cuneiform) in the DNa inscription.
  • The presumed name for Ancient Macedonians: 𐎹𐎢𐎎𐎠𐏐𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎌𐎠, Yaunā takabarā, "Ionians with shield-hats", referring to the petasos or kausia.[12]
    The presumed name for Ancient Macedonians: 𐎹𐎢𐎎𐎠𐏐𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎌𐎠, Yaunā takabarā, "Ionians with shield-hats", referring to the petasos or kausia.[12]
  • The name for Sattagydia (𐎰𐎫𐎊𐎢𐏁, ThataguÅ¡) in the DNa inscription.
    The name for Sattagydia (𐎰𐎫𐎊𐎢𐏁, ThataguÅ¡) in the DNa inscription.
  • The name for Ionian Greeks: Yauna (𐎹𐎢𐎎)
    The name for Ionian Greeks: Yauna (𐎹𐎢𐎎)
  • The name Gadāra (𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎌 in Old Persian cuneiform) in the DNa inscription.
    The name Gadāra (𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎌 in Old Persian cuneiform) in the DNa inscription.
  • The name for Arabia: Arabāya (𐎠𐎌𐎲𐎠𐎹)
    The name for Arabia: Arabāya (𐎠𐎌𐎲𐎠𐎹)
  • The name for Assyria: Ā/thÅ«rā (𐎠/𐎰𐎢𐎌𐎠)
    The name for Assyria: Ā/thÅ«rā (𐎠/𐎰𐎢𐎌𐎠)

References

  1. ^ O'Brien, Patrick Karl (2002). Oxford Atlas of World History. Oxford University Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9780195219210. Western portion of the Achaemenid Empire appears on page 42, eastern portion on page 43.
  2. ^ Barraclough, Geoffrey (1989). The Times Atlas of World History. Times Books. p. 79. ISBN 0723003041.
  3. ^ O'Brien, Patrick (1999). Philip's Atlas of World History. George Philips Limited. pp. 42–43. ISBN 0681031891.
  4. ^ a b The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan Peter Magee, Cameron Petrie, Robert Knox, Farid Khan, Ken Thomas p.713-714
  5. ^ a b NAQŠ-E ROSTAM – Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  6. ^ Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica (in French). Instituut voor Oriëntalistiek. 1974. p. 23.
  7. ^ Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. p. 173. ISBN 9781575061207.
  8. ^ Schmitt, R. (2008), "Old Persian", in Roger D. Woodard (ed.), The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas (illustrated ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 77, ISBN 978-0521684941
  9. ^ a b Tolman, Herbert Cushing (1893). A guide to the Old Persian inscriptions. New York, Cincinnati [etc.] American book company. p. 146.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "DNa - Livius". www.livius.org.
  11. ^ a b Alcock, Susan E.; Alcock, John H. D'Arms Collegiate Professor of Classical Archaeology and Classics and Arthur F. Thurnau Professor Susan E.; D'Altroy, Terence N.; Morrison, Kathleen D.; Sinopoli, Carla M. (2001). Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN 9780521770200.
  12. ^ Darius I, DNa inscription, Line 29