Disputation of the Holy Sacrament

Fresco by Raphael

Disputation of the Sacrament

Artist	Raphael
Year	1509–1510
Type	Fresco
Dimensions	500 cm × 770 cm (200 in × 300 in)
Location	Apostolic Palace, Vatican City^{[citation needed]}

The Disputation of the Sacrament (Italian: La disputa del sacramento), or Disputa, is a painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael. It was painted between 1509 and 1510^[1] as the first part of Raphael's commission to decorate with frescoes the rooms that are now known as the Stanze di Raffaello, in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. At the time, this room was known as the Stanza della Segnatura, and was the private papal library where the supreme papal tribunal met.^[2]

Description

In the painting, Raphael has created a scene spanning both heaven and earth. Above, Christ is surrounded by an aureole, flanked by the Blessed Virgin Mary and John the Baptist to his right and left (an arrangement known as the Deësis). Other various biblical figures such as Peter (far left, holding keys), Adam (far left, bared chest), John the Evangelist (left, writing), King David (left, holding lyre), Saint Lawrence (left, wearing purple), Judas Maccabeus (right, wearing gold armor), Stephen (right, wearing green), Moses (right, with horns of light and holding the Ten Commandments), James the Elder (right, wearing white), Abraham (right, holding knife), and Paul (far right, holding book and sword) are to the sides. God the Father sits above them all in the golden light of heaven and adored by angels, blessing with his right hand and holding the Earth in his left. Below Christ's feet is the Holy Spirit in the typical form of a dove, to whose sides are books of the four Gospels held open by putti.^[3]

Below, on an altar sits the monstrance. The fringe of the altar reads, "Julius II Pont. Max." The altar is flanked by historical theologians debating Transubstantiation (Christ's presence in the Eucharist).^[4] Among them are the original four Doctors of the Church (identified by their names inscribed into their halos), with Pope Gregory I and Jerome seated to the left of the altar and Augustine and Ambrose to the right, along with Pope Julius II, Pope Sixtus IV, Savonarola and Dante Alighieri. Pope Sixtus IV is the gold-dressed pope in the bottom of the painting. Directly behind Sixtus is Dante, wearing red and sporting a laurel wreath (symbolizing his greatness as a poet).^[5] Fifth from right, stands St. Thomas Aquinas. The bald figure reading a book in the left hand corner is Raphael's mentor and Renaissance architect Bramante, and the bearded figure on the right side wearing orange and blue robes is Aristotle.^[6] The monk on the far left is Fra Angelico.^[3] In the background on the left, a church is being constructed, representative of the Catholic Church.^[7]

References

^ Raphael, Phaidon Publishers, 1948, p. 24.
^ Adams, Italian Renaissance Art, p. 344
^ ^a ^b "Disputation over the Most Holy Sacrament". Musei Vaticani. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
^ Adams, Italian Renaissance Art, p. 345
^ Adams, Italian Renaissance Art, p. 346
^ Holgate, John Douglas, "Codes and Messages in Raphael's 'School of Athens.'" 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306398440_Codes_and_Messages_in_Raphael's_'School_of_Athens'
^ Massi, Ercole G. (1885). Compendious Description of the Galleries of Paintings in the Papal Palace of the Vatican. Rome. pp. 67–69.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Sources

Schneider Adams, Laurie (2001). Italian Renaissance Art. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. 344–346.

External links

Media related to Raphael's Disputation of the Holy Sacrament at Wikimedia Commons
The Vatican: Spirit and Art of Christian Rome, a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this work