Dutch Malacca

Governorate of Malacca Gouvernement Malacca (Dutch) Melaka Belanda (Malay)
1641–1795 1818–1825
Flag until 1795 Coat of arms
Malacca between 1750 and 1796
Dutch Malacca, ca. 1724–26
Status	Colony of the Dutch East India Company (1641–1795) Part of the Dutch East Indies (1818–1825)
Capital	Malacca Town
Common languages	Dutch, Malay
Governor
• 1641–42	Jan van Twist
• 1824–25	Hendrik S. van Son
British Resident
• 1795	Archibald Brown
• 1803–18	William Farquhar
Historical era	Imperialism
• Established	14 January 1641
• British occupation	1795–1818
• Relinquished by treaty	1 March 1825
Preceded by Succeeded by Portuguese Malacca Straits Settlements

Governorate of Malacca Gouvernement Malacca
Governorates of Dutch East Indies
1818–1825
Flag
Map of the governorate of Malacca.
Capital	Malacca Town
History
• Established	1818
• Relinquished by treaty	1 March 1825
Succeeded by Straits Settlements
Today part of	Malacca, Malaysia

Dutch Malacca (1641–1825) was the longest period that Malacca was under foreign control. The Dutch ruled for almost 183 years with intermittent British occupation during the Napoleonic Wars (1795–1815). This era saw relative peace with little serious interruption from the Malay sultanates due to the understanding forged between the Dutch and the Sultanate of Johor in 1606. This time also marked the decline of the importance of Malacca. The Dutch preferred Batavia (present-day Jakarta) as their economic and administrative centre in the region and their hold in Malacca was to prevent the loss of the city to other European powers and, subsequently, the competition that would come with it. Thus, in the 17th century, with Malacca ceasing to be an important port, the Johor Sultanate became the dominant local power in the region due to the opening of its ports and the alliance with the Dutch.

Dutch conquest of Portuguese Malacca

In the early 17th century, the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) began the campaign to usurp Portuguese power in the East. At that time, the Portuguese had transformed Malacca into an impregnable fortress (the Fortaleza de Malaca), controlling access to the sea lanes of the Straits of Malacca and the spice trade there. The Dutch started by launching small incursions and skirmishes against the Portuguese. The first serious attempt was the siege of Malacca in 1606 by the third VOC fleet from the Dutch Republic with eleven ships, under Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge that led to the naval battle of Cape Rachado. Although the Dutch were routed, the Portuguese fleet of Martim Afonso de Castro, the Viceroy of Goa, suffered heavier casualties and the battle rallied the forces of the Sultanate of Johor in an alliance with the Dutch and later on with the Acehnese.

The Dutch along with their local Javanese allies numbered around 700 men, assaulted and wrested Malacca from the Portuguese in January 1641. Assistance was also provided to the Dutch also received help from the Johor Sultanate of around an additional 500–600 men. The Dutch also received supplies and rations from nearby and their recently-captured base of Batavia.^[1] The campaign effectively destroyed the last bastion of Portuguese power, removing their influence in the Malay archipelago. As per the agreement with Johor in 1606, the Dutch took control of Malacca and agreed not to seek territories or wage war with the Malay kingdoms.

Administration of Malacca

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Malacca was controlled as a colony of the VOC. All the chief administrators of Malacca were Dutch governors except for the brief period that the city was under British Residents during the Napoleonic Wars. However, focus on the administration of Malacca eventually waned by the Dutch as they preferred to focus on Batavia.^[2] The governors and residents list is as follows:

Governors of Malacca

Governors of Dutch Malacca (1641–1795) Governors From Until Johan van Twist 1641 1642 Jeremias van Vliet 1642 1645 Arnout de Vlamingh van Oudtshoorn 1645 1646 Jan Thyszoon Payart 1646 1662 Jan Anthonisz van Riebeeck 1662 1665 Balthasar Bort 1665 1679 Jacob Joriszoon Pits 1679 1680 Cornelis van Quaelberg 1680 1684 Nikolaas Schaghen 1684 1685 François Tack 1685 1686 Dirk Komans (1st time) 1686 1686 Thomas Slicher 1686 1691 Dirk Komans (2nd time) 1691 1692 Gelmer Vosberg 1692 1697 Goevert van Hoorn 1697 1700 Bernhard Phoonsen 1700 1704 Johan Grotenhuys (acting) 1704 1704 Karel Bolner 1704 1707 Pieter Rooselaar 1707 1709 Willem Six 1709 1711 Willem Moerman 1711 1717 Herman van Suchtelen 1717 1726 Johan Frederik Gobius 1726 1730 Pieter Rochus Pasques de Chavonnes 1730 1735 Roger de Laver 1735 1741 Willem Bernard Albinus 1741 1748 Pieter van Heemskerk 1748 1753 Willem Dekker 1753 1758 David Boelen 1758 1764 Thomas Schippers 1764 1771 Jan Crans 1771 1775 Pieter Gerardus de Bruijn 1775 1788 Abraham Couperus 1788 1795

British Residents of Malacca (1795–1818) Residents From Until Archibald Brown 1795 1795 Thomas Parr 1795 1796 Richard Tolson 1796 1797 David Campbell 1797 1798 Aldwell Taylor 1798 1803 Willem Jacob Cranssen (Dutch Governor) 1802 William Farquhar 1803 1818 Governors of Dutch Malacca (1818–1825) Governors From Until Jan Samuel Timmermann Thijssen 1818 1822 Adriaan Koek (acting) 1822 1824 Hendrik Stephanus van Son 1824 1825

The town and fortress of Malacca

The Dutch improved and expanded the Portuguese fortress as well as renovating the fortress' gate in 1670, they further built walls to protect the harbour and expanded city.^{[citation needed]} During the mid-17th century the city hall or Stadthuys was constructed and served as the administrative center of the Dutch colony, the building still stands today.^[3]

• 
  The town and fortress of Malacca in 1780
• 
  Dutch graves in the ruined St Paul's Church
• 
  Dutch Graveyard

See also

• Dutch Graveyard

References

Further reading

• De Witt, Dennis (2007). History of the Dutch in Malaysia. Malaysia: Nutmeg Publishing. ISBN 978-983-43519-0-8.

2°11′20″N 102°23′4″E / 2.18889°N 102.38444°E / 2.18889; 102.38444