Eli Tsiyon ve-Areha

Eli Tsiyon ve-Areha (Hebrew: אֱלִי צִיּוֹן וְעָרֶיהָ, romanized: Elî ẕiyyôn we-ʿarêha, lit. 'Wail, Zion and Its Cities') is an acrostic Zionide of anonymous authorship, lamenting the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple. It closes the series of kinnot chanted on the morning of Tisha B'Av by Ashkenazi communities.^[1]^[2]

The poem appears in manuscripts as early as the fourteenth century.^[3] Structural similarities to Tsiyon ha-lo tishali [he] suggest that it was composed by Judah Halevi or one of his imitators.^[4]

Eli Tsiyon ve-Areha is known for its distinctive melody, which likely originated in Southern Germany.^[5] It has been compared to medieval tunes for the Souterliedekens and the folk song "Die Frau zur Weissenburg".^[6]^[7] The melody has become symbolic of Tisha B'Av and the three weeks preceding it, and as such is traditionally also used during this period for the refrain to Lekha Dodi.^[5]

Text

The poem comprises twelve stanzas, each divided into four rhyming lines beginning alternately with ʿalei (for) and veʿal (and for). In the text below, the first Hebrew letter of each line is made bold as to indicate the alphabetical nature of the poem. The kinna's refrain is derived from a verse in the Book of Joel: "Lament like a maiden wrapped in sack-cloth for the husband of her youth."^[8]

Hebrew	Transliteration	English translation
אֱלִי צִיּוֹן וְעָרֶֽיהָ, כְּמוֹ אִשָּׁה בְּצִירֶֽיהָ, וְכִבְתוּלָה חֲגֽוּרַת־שַׂק, עַל בַּֽעַל נְעוּרֶֽיהָ. עֲלֵי אַרְמוֹן אֲשֶׁר נֻטַּשׁ, בְּאַשְׁמַת צֹאן עֲדָרֶֽיהָ, וְעַל בִּיאַת מְחָרְפֵי אֵל, בְּתוֹךְ מִקְדַּשׁ חֲדָרֶֽיהָ. עֲלֵי גָלוּת מְשָֽׁרְתֵי אֵל, נְעִימֵי שִׁיר זְמָרֶֽיהָ, וְעַל דָּמָם אֲשֶׁר שֻׁפַּךְ כְּמוֹ מֵימֵי יְאוֹרֶֽיה. עֲלֵי הֶגְיוֹן מְחוֹלֶֽיהָ, אֲשֶׁר דָּמַם בְּעָרֶֽיהָ, וְעַל וַֽעַד אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַם וּבִטּוּל סַנְהֶדְרֶֽיהָ. עֲלֵי זִבְחֵי תְמִידֶֽיהָ וּפִדְיוֹנֵי בְּכוֹרֶֽיהָ, וְעַל חִלּוּל כְּלֵי הֵיכָל וּמִזְבֵּֽחַ קְטוֹרֶֽיהָ. עֲלֵי טַפֵּי מְלָכֶֽיהָ בְּנֵי דָוִד גְּבִירֶֽיהָ, וְעַל יׇפְיָם אֲשֶׁר חָשַׁךְ בְּעֵת סָֽרוּ כְּתָרֶֽיהָ. עֲלֵי כָבוֹד אֲשֶׁר גָּלָה בְּעֵת חׇרְבַּן דְּבִירֶֽיהָ, וְעַל לוֹחֵץ אֲשֶׁר לָחַץ וְשָׂם שַׂקִּים חֲגוֹרֶֽיהָ. עֲלֵי מַֽחַץ וְרֹב מַכּוֹת אֲשֶׁר הֻכּוּ נְזִירֶֽיהָ, וְעַל נִפּוּץ אֱלֵי סֶֽלַע עֲוִילֶֽיהָ נְעָרֶֽיהָ. עֲלֵי שִׂמְחַת מְשַׂנְאֶֽיהָ בְּשׇׂחְקָם עַל שְׁבָרֶֽיהָ, וְעַל עִנּוּי בְּנֵי חוֹרִין נְדִיבֶֽיהָ טְהוֹרֶֽיהָ. עֲלֵי פֶֽשַׁע אֲשֶׁר עָֽוְתָה סְלוֹל דֶּֽרֶךְ אֲשׁוּרֶֽיהָ, וְעַל צִבְאוֹת קְהָלֶֽיהָ שְׁזוּפֶֽיהָ שְׁחוֹרֶֽיהָ. עֲלֵי קוֹלוֹת מְחׇרְפֶֽיהָ בְּעֵת רַֽבּוּ פְגָרֶֽיהָ, וְעַל רִגְשַׁת מְגַדְפֶֽיהָ בְּתוֹךְ מִשְׁכַּן חֲצֵרֶֽיהָ. עֲלֵי שִׁמְךָ אֲשֶׁר חֻלַּל בְּפִי קָמֵי מְצֵרֶֽיהָ, וְעַל תַּֽחַן יְצַוְּחוּ לָךְ קְשׁוֹב וּשְׁמַע אֲמָרֶֽיהָ.	Eli Tsiyon ve-areiha kemo isha betsireiha vekhivtula ’hagurat-sak ʿal baʿal neʿureiha ʿAlei armon asher nutash, beashmat tson ʿadareiha veʿal biat me’harfei El, betokh Mikdash ’hadareiha. ʿAlei galut meshartei El, neʿimei shir zemareiha veʿal damam asher shupakh kemo me'imei yeoreiha ʿAlei heggion me’holeiha, asher damam beʿareiha veʿal vaʿad asher shamem uvitul sanhedreiha. ʿAlei ziv’hei temideiha ufidiyonei bekhoreiha veʿal ’hilul kelei heikhal umizbea’h ketoreiha. ʿAlei tafei melakheiha, benei David, guevireiha, veʿal yofiam asher ’hashakh beʿet saru ketareiha. ʿAlei khavod asher gala beʿet ’horban devireiha veʿal lo’hets asher la’hats ve-sam sakim ’hagoreiha. ʿAlei ma’hats verov makot asher huku nezireiha veʿal niputs elei salaʿ ʿavileiha neʿareiha. ʿAlei sim’hat messaneiha bessa’hkam ʿal shevareiha veʿal ʿinuy benei ’horin nediveiha tehoreiha. Alei fashaʿ asher ʿavta, selol darekh ashureiha veʿal tsivʾot kehaleiha, shezufeiha she’horeiha. ʿAlei kolot me’harfeiha beʿet rabu fegareiha veʿal rigshat megadfeiha betokh Mishkan ’hatsareiha. ʿAlei Shimkha asher ’hulal befi kamei metsareiha veʿal ta’han yetsav’hu lakh keshuv ushma amareiha.	Mourn Zion and her cities, like a woman in her birth pains, And like a maiden wrapped in sack-cloth for the husband of her youth. Mourn the palace that was abandoned in the sheep’s negligence of its flock, and for the coming of the revulsion of God within the Temple’s rooms. For the exile of the servants of God, who sing her songs, and for their blood that was spilled like the waters of her rivers. For the chatter of her dancers which was silenced in her cities, and for the gathering that destroyed and canceled her Sanhedrin. For the periodic sacrifices and redemption of her firstborns, and for the desecration of the vessels of Temple and the altar of her incense. For the children of her kings, sons of David her hero, and for their beauty that was darkened at the time of the removal of her crowns. For the glory that was bared at the destruction of her holiest places, and for the pressure that was caused and placed sack-cloths around her bodies. For the striking and many blows by which her ascetics were struck, and for the clubbing on the rock of her young children. For the joy of her haters in their laughter on her breaking, And for the affliction of her freemen and her pure princes. For the sins that she committed, making the ways of the wealthy lewd, And for the hosts of her congregations, her blackened and tarnished ones. For the voices of her scorners at the time of her increasing dead bodies, And for the noise of her cursers within the sanctuary of her courtyards. For Your name which was desecrated in the mouths of those who stood up against her distressed ones, and for the supplication they will cry out to you, give attention and hear her speech.^[9]

Legacy

Many poems based on Eli Tsiyon ve-Areha have been composed, including an elegy on the death of Princess Charlotte by Hyman Hurwitz (translated into English by Samuel Taylor Coleridge),^[10]^[11] an elegy on the death of Theodor Herzl by Aaron Luboshitzky [fr],^[12] a kinnah for the Holocaust by Yehuda Leib Bialer [he],^[13] and various polemic and comedic poems.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Various musical arrangements of the melody were also produced in the 20th century. These include a paraphrase for piano and cello by Leo Zeitlin and its adaptation for piano and violin by Joseph Achron,^[17] both members of the New Jewish School, which aimed to create a national Jewish art music.

External links

Recordings of the hymn at the National Library of Israel
Arrangement of Eli Tsiyon by Salomon Sulzer (1838)

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Adler, Cyrus; Cohen, Francis L. (1903). "Eli Ẓiyyon (אלי ציון)". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 107.

^ Bar-Dayan, Haim (2007). "Eli Ẓiyyon ve-Areha". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4.
^ In some communities of the Western Ashkenazic rite, this piyyut is recited before the Tziyyon piyyutim, see Rodelheim Kinnot.
^ Marienberg, Itay. "Tzion ha-lo tishali: omanut ha-shir". Hazmanah le-piyyut (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
^ Posner, Simon (2011). The Koren Mesorat HaRav Kinot: The Lookstein Edition. Jerusalem: OU Press & Koren Publishers. ISBN 978-965-301-249-3.
^ ^a ^b Adler, Cyrus; Cohen, Francis L. (1903). "Eli Ẓiyyon (אלי ציון)". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 107.
^ Bohlman, Philip V.; Holzapfel, Otto, eds. (2001). The Folk Songs of Ashkenaz. A-R Editions. pp. 159–160. ISBN 978-0-89579-474-1.
^ Kirschner, Emanuel (1914). Über mittelalterliche hebräische Poesien und ihre Singweisen (in German). H. Baur. pp. 12–13.
^ Joel 1:8
^ "Eli Tsiyon v'Areha (Mourn Zion and her cities), a ḳinnah for Tishah b'Av". Open Siddur Project. Translated by Goldstein, Joel. 26 February 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
^ Hurwitz, Hyman (1817). Kinat Yeshurun: A Hebrew Dirge, Chaunted in the Great Synagogue, St. James's Place, Aldgate, on the Day of the Funeral of Her Royal Highness the Princess Charlotte (in Hebrew and English). Translated by Coleridge, S. T. London: H. Barnett.
^ Narkiss, Bezalel (1969). Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts. Jerusalem: Encyclopedia Judaica. ISBN 978-965-07-0226-7.
^ Luboshitzky, Aaron (1921). "Eli Ẓiyyon ve-Nodedeha". Mivḥar Shirei Amenu (in Hebrew). pp. 59–60.
^ Bialar, Y. L. "Eli, Eli Nefshi Bekhi". Hazmanah le-piyyut (in Hebrew). Retrieved 15 October 2022.
^ "Yarketei Levanon". Ha-Levanon (in Hebrew). 20 (8). London: 4. 18 August 1886.
^ "Kinat Yerushalayim". Ḥavatselet (in Hebrew). 40 (53). Jerusalem: 6. 22 August 1910.
^ Davidson, Israel (1907). Parody in Jewish Literature. Columbia University Press. pp. 216, 225, 259.
^ Moricz, Klara (2008). Jewish Identities: Nationalism, Racism, and Utopianism in Twentieth-Century Music. University of California Press. pp. 78–82. ISBN 978-0-520-93368-2.