Emirate in Anatolia (14-15th centuries)
Erzincan,
c. 1400Status | Emirate |
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Capital | Erzincan |
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Religion | Islam |
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Government | Monarchy |
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Emir | |
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• 1348–1362 | Ahī Ayna |
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• 1362–1379 | Pīr Ḥusayn |
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• 1379–1403 | Muṭahharten |
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The Emirate of Erzincan was an emirate that controlled much of Eastern Anatolia in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries.
History
Ahī Ayna (1348–1362)
A local ahī, Ahī Ayna purchased control of Erzincan from his predecessor sometime before 1348. Ahī Ayna first appears in records as a vassal of Eretna circa 1348. Michael Panaretos wrote that in June 1348, Ahī Ayna led a joint attack against the Empire of Trebizond together with Tur Alī Beg of Aq Qoyunlu Turkmens and Muḥammad Rikābdār, the emir of Bayburt. He returned to Erzincan after 3 days of campaign was inconclusive.
Following Eretna's death, Ahī Ayna exercised autonomy and attempted to increase his sphere of influence. An Armenian colophon of 1355 mentions that Ahī Ayna was attacked by "Khochay Yali," likely Khoja Latif of Bayburt. In June 1362, Ghiyāth al-Dīn Ahī Ayna Beg went on an expedition in Georgia. He captured Akhaltsikhe, Samstskhe, and Atsquri, took 12,000 people captive, and had Manglisi pay jizya. On 6 August 1361, Ahī Ayna continued his expedition in the region of Lazica, i.e. eastern territories of the Empire of Trebizond. In October of that year, he besieged but wasn't able to capture the fortresses of Golacha and Koukos.
Ahī Ayna was the suzerain of three other emirates, namely those in Erzurum, Bayburt, and Karahisar. His core territory stretched from the Erzincan Plain southwards to Upper Euphrates Valley near Çaltı. Kemah was under the administration of a governor instead of a vassal emir like Ahī Ayna. Although Ahī Ayna acted semi-independently during the reign of Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muḥammad I of the Eretnid Sultanate, an Eretnid coin minted in Erzincan from the year 1359 indicates that Ahī Ayna's subordinate position continued and he never declared independence. Ahī Ayna died on 2–3 July 1362 reportedly as a shahīd (martyr), suggesting a violent death.
Pīr Ḥusayn (1362–1379)
Pīr Ḥusayn, who was originally the ruler of Karahisar, arrived in Erzincan on 8 June 1362 and succeeded Ahī Ayna Beg. In Abū Bakr Quṭbī's Ta'rīkh-i taqwīm, he is mentioned as an emīr-zāda (lit. 'son of an emir') following the statement about Ahī Ayna's demise, hinting at the possibility he was Ahī Ayna's son.
Pīr Ḥusayn's ascendance to the throne was not straightforward as Erzincan was in the midst of a civil war. He "gained independence" on 10 July, having clashed with emirs opposing to his rule, who eventually fled to Bayburt and Tercan. On 11 September, he gained control of Bayburt after a 32-day siege.
Although there is a coin specimen minted in Erzincan for ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn 'Ali dating back to 1366, Pīr Ḥusayn most likely exercised further autonomy, especially following the temporary political vacuum caused by Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muhammad I's death in 1365. However, there aren't any sufficient accounts of the period until Pīr Ḥusayn's death in 1379.
List of rulers
References
Bibliography
- Bryer, Anthony (1975). "Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 29: 113–148. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- Shukurov, Rustam (June 1994). "Between Peace and Hostility: Trebizond and the Pontic Turkish Periphery in the Fourteenth Century". Mediterranean Historical Review. 9 (1). Routledge: 20–72. doi:10.1080/09518969408569663.
- Sinclair, T. A. (31 December 1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey. Vol. II. Pindar Press. ISBN 978-0-907132-33-2.
- Yücel, Yaşar (October 1971). "Mutahharten ve Erzincan Emirliği" [Mutahharten and the Emirate of Erzincan]. Belleten (in Turkish). 35 (140): 665–719. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
Further reading
- Tanındı, Zeren (2012). "The Arts of the Book : Patrons and Interactions in Erzincan between 1365 and 1410". Varia Anatolica. 15. Translated by Beyazıt, Deniz. Publications de l'Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes: 221–238. ISBN 9782362450020. ISSN 1013-9559. OCLC 475041002. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
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Culture | |
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- Founder
- Sökmen el Kutbi
- Capital
- Ahlat
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Dynasty: | - Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112)
- Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?)
- Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?)
- Sökmen the Second (1128–1185)
- Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193)
- Aksungur (1193–1197)
- Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)
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Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: | - Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104)
- Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)
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Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty: | - Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122)
- Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154)
- Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)
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Harput Dynasty: | - Belek Bey (1112–1124)
- Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?)
- Sökmen the Second (? - ?)
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Dynasty: | - Mengücek Bey (1071–1118)
- Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120)
- 1120–1142
- Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends
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Erzincan and Kemah Branch | |
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Divriği Branch | - Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
- 1277
- Beylik destroyed by Abaka
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Dynasty: | - Saltuk Bey (1072–1102)
- Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124)
- Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132)
- Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168)
- Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191)
- Mama Hatun (1191–1200)
- Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)
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Dynasty: | - Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334)
- Umur Beg (1334–1348)
- Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
- Aydınoğlu Isa Bey (- 1390)
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Events | - 1390
- First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik reconstituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403)
- Aydınoğlu Umur Bey (1403–1405)
- İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals)
- 1425
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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Dynasty: | - Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340)
- Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345)
- Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361)
- Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385)
- Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392)
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Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty : | - Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440)
- Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443)
- Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461)
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| Chobanids (1227–1309) |
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Dynasty: | - Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348)
- Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386)
- Sûli Bey (1386–1396)
- Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443)
- Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454)
- Melik Arslan (?-?)
- Shah Budak (?-1492)
- Şahsuvar (?-?)
- Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507)
- Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525)
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Dynasty: | - Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288–1302)
- Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302–1320)
- Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320–1326)
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Dynasty: | - Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324)
- Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330)
- Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)
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- Ancestor
- Melik Danişmend Gazi
- Founder
- Karesi Bey
- Capital
- Balıkesir
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Dynasty: | - Karesi Bey (1307–1328)
- Demir Han (1328–1345)
- Yahşı Han (1328–1345)
- Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)
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- Ancestor
- Germiyanlı Ali Bey
- Founder
- Inanç Bey
- Capital
- Denizli
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Dynasty: | - Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314)
- Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?)
- Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360)
- Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)
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- Founder
- Menteshe Bey
- Capitals
- Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat
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Dynasty: | - Menteshe Bey (~1261 - ~1282)
- Mesut (~1282 - ~1320)
- Orhan (~1320 - ~1340)
- Ibrahim (~1340 - ~1360)
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Dynasty: | - Ibrahim Bey (1344-?)
- Ahmed Bey (?-1416)
- Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417)
- Hamza Bey (1417–1427)
- Mehmed Bey (1427-?)
- Eyluk Bey (? - ?)
- Dündar Bey (? - ?)
- Omer Bey (?-1490)
- Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511)
- Hahmud Bey (1511–1516)
- Selim Bey (?-?)
- Kubad Bey (1517-?)
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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Dynasty | - Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali (1275–1288) and sons
- Nusreddin Ahmed (1288–1341)
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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Dynasty | - Saruhan Bey (1302–1345)
- Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
- Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey (-1388)
- Hızır Shah (1388–1390)
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| Important centers and extension: | |
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Dynasty: | - Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?)
- Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327)
- Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
- Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?)
- Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375)
- Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390)
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