November 10, 765(765-11-10) (aged 31–32) Awaji Island (Hyōgo)
Burial
Awaji no misasagi (淡路陵) (Hyōgo)
Issue
Princess Abe
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō: Emperor Junnin (淳仁天皇)
House
Yamato
Father
Prince Toneri
Mother
Tagima no Yamashiro
Emperor Junnin (淳仁天皇, Junnin-tennō, 733 – November 10, 765) was the 47th emperor of Japan,[1] according to the traditional order of succession.[2] The seventh son of Prince Toneri and a grandson of Emperor Tenmu, his reign spanned the years 758 to 764.[3]
Traditional narrative
Before his ascension to the throne, his name (imina)[4] was Ōi-shinnō (Ōi-no-ō).[5] He was the seventh son of Prince Toneri, a son of Emperor Tenmu.[6] And although his father died when he was three, he was not given any rank or office at the court. In the older Japanese documents, he is usually referred to as Haitai (廃帝), the dethroned emperor. The posthumous name of Emperor Junnin was given by Emperor Meiji a thousand years later.
Ascension and reign
In 757 the Empress Kōken, his third cousin appointed him to be her crown prince instead of Prince Funado, who had been appointed to this position in the will of the Emperor Shōmu. In the tenth year of Kōken-tennō's reign (称徳天皇十年), on December 7, 758 (Tenpyō-shōhō 2, 1st day of the 8th month), the empress abdicated[why?] and the succession (senso) passed to her adopted son. Shortly afterwards, Emperor Junnin is said to have ascended to the throne (sokui).[7] In 760 (Tenpyō-hōji 4), additional coins were put into circulation—copper coins bearing the words Mannen Ten-hō, silver coins bearing the words Teihei Genhō, and gold coins bearing the words Kaiki Shōhō.[8]
The years of Junnin's reign, 758–765, are more specifically encompassed within a single era name or nengō, [9]Tenpyō-hōji. Junnin seemingly had very little power and was possibly a mere figurehead. In 764, six years after Empress Kōken had abdicated, the former empress reclaimed the throne during Fujiwara no Nakamaro's Rebellion, forcing Junnin to abdicate.
Death and mausoleum
On November 10, 765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1, 23rd day of the 10th month), the former emperor died while in exile. The site of Junnin's actual grave is unknown,[1] and he is traditionally venerated at a memorialShintoshrine (misasagi) at Awaji. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Junnin's mausoleum: It is formally named Awaji no misasagi.[10]
Though Junnin had, technically, been emperor, he was not featured on the official List of Japanese Emperors until the late nineteenth century. In 1870, Emperor Meiji conferred the posthumous name and title by which Emperor Junnin is now known. His place in the traditional order of succession was confirmed at the same time as announcements about Emperor Kōbun and Emperor Chūkyō were made public.
Kugyō
Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. In general, this elite group included only three or four men at a time, and they were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of their careers. During Junnin's reign, the ranks of this group of Daijō-kan included:
^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 59.
^Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 275; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 143–144; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 75–78., p. 75, at Google Books
^Brown, pp. 264; prior to Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors were very long, and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name decreased after Jomei's reign.
^Titsingh, p. 75; Brown, p. 275; Varley, pp. 44, 144; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi achieved senso and sokui in the same year, until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
^Appert, Georges et al. (1888). Ancien japon, pp. 29–30.
^"Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). April 30, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
References
Appert, Georges and Hiroji Kinoshita. (1888). Ancien japon. Tokyo: Kokubunsha. OCLC 4429674
Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
