Energy in India

Overview of the production, consumption, import and export of energy and electricity in India
Energy consumption by source, India
Development of carbon dioxide emissions

Since 2013, total primary energy consumption in India has been the third highest in the world (see world energy consumption) after China (see energy in China) and United States (see energy in United States).[1][2] India is the second-top coal consumer in the year 2017 after China. India ranks third in oil consumption with 22.1 crore (221 million) tons in 2017 after United States and China.[3] India is net energy importer to meet nearly 47% of its total primary energy in 2019.[4][5]

Overview

In 2022-23, Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) per capita is 25,745 mega joule whereas Total Final Consumption per capita is 16,699 mega joule. Electricity consumption per capita is 1015 kWh in 2022-23. The energy intensity of agriculture is seven times less than industries in 2022-23 (see Table 8.9[6])

Yearwise consumption of energy sources[6]
Fiscal year Mid Year Population
(million)
Coal
(million tonnes)
Lignite
(million tonnes)
Crude oil
(million tonnes)
Natural gas
(billion cubic meters)
Electricity@
(billion kWh)
Eq CO2-emissions
(million tonnes)[7]
2013-14 1,252 739 44 222 52 874 2,087.5
2014-15 1,268 822 47 223 51 948 2,248.1
2015-16 1,284 837 42 233 53 1,001 2,321.4
2016-17 1,299 837 43 245 56 1,061 2,425.2
2017-18 1,313 898 46 252 59 1,123 2,493.6
2018-19 1,328 968 46 257 61 1,209 2,613.2
2019-20 1,342 956 42 254 64 1,248 2,645.4
2020-21 1,357 906 38 222 61 1,230 2,450.3
2021-22 1,370 1,028 49 242 64 1,316 2,700.5
2022-23 1,383 1,115 47 255 60 1,403 2,865.2

@ Includes electricity generated from fossil fuels.

India: Total primary energy use of 753.7 Mtoe (excluding traditional biomass use) in the calendar year 2017[8]

  424.0 Mtoe Coal (56.26%)
  222.1 Mtoe Petroleum & other liquids (29.47%)
  46.6 Mtoe Natural gas (6.18%)
  8.5 Mtoe Nuclear (1.13%)
  30.7 Mtoe Hydroelectricity (4.07%)
  21.8 Mtoe Other renewables (2.89%)
Energy in India[9]
Population
million
Prim. energy
TWh
Production
TWh
Import
TWh
Electricity
TWh
CO2-emission
Mt
2004 1,080 6,662 5,430 1,230 494 1,103
2007 1,123 6,919 5,244 1,745 610 1,324
2008 1,140 7, 222 5,446 1,836 645 1,428
2009 1,155 7,860 5,844 2,116 690 1,586
2010 1,171 8,056 6,032 2,110 755 1,626
2012 1,241 8,716 6,291 2,483 835 1,745
2012R 1,237 9,166 6,333 2,829 940 1,954
2013 1,250 9,018 6,086 2,962 979 1,869
Change 2004–10 8.4% 20.9% 11.1% 72% 53% 47.4%
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses that are 2/3 for nuclear power[10]

2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated

Coal

Coal production of India

Coal and lignite production was 73.1 crore (731 million) tons in the financial year 2019-2020.[11][12] India was the fourth top coal producer in 2017 with 294.2 Mtoe (7.8% global share).[8] Nearly 80% of total electricity generated (utility and captive) in India is from coal and it is the main source of the nation's greenhouse gas emissions.

According to Greenpeace the largest coal belt in India is at Jharia. Before coal mining Jharia had forests inhabited by tribes. In 1971 the coal mines were nationalised. Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) took over Jharia coal mines.[13]

India accounts for the world’s greatest concentration of coal seam fires. Mine area suffers from pollution of air, water and land.[13]

As of 2019, coal production was integrated into the Central Government;[14] for example, the Government owned about 75% of Coal India Limited, which supplied about 84% of India's thermal coal.[14]

India imports coking coal as good quality coking coal deposits suitable for iron and steel production are not available. In the financial year 2021 -22, India imported nearly 57.16 million tons (90%) against the consumption of 63.74 MT.[15] Sponge iron route using noncoking coal is also followed to produce iron and steel which does not depend on coke or natural gas.[16][17]

Oil and natural gas

India was the third top crude oil consumer globally (4.8% of the world) with 221 Mt in 2017. India was the second-top net crude oil (including crude oil products) importer of 205.3 Mt in 2019.[18] India has 49.72 lakh (4.972 million) barrels per day (5.1% of the world) crude oil refining capacity which is ranked 4th globally in 2017.[8]

Liquefied petroleum gas

Cylinders with LPG in India

Nearly 1 crore (10.937 million) tons Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was consumed during April to September 2019 (six months) in the domestic sector mainly for cooking.[19] The number of domestic connections are 274 million (one connection for five people) with a circulation of more than 40 crore (400 million) LPG cylinders whose net aggregate length would form a 2,00,000 km long pipe line which is more than the length of total railway track laid in India.[20] India is second largest consumer of LPG globally.[21] Most of the LPG requirement is imported.[22] Piped city gas supply in India is not yet developed on major scale.[23][24]

Biomass and charcoal

Biomass is a renewable energy source and its use as feedstock to produce biofuels or organic chemicals is mostly carbon-neutral fuel.[25] Carbon dioxide is first taken up by plants during photosynthesis, and later released when biomass is burned. Presently, only 20% of households in India use biomass and charcoal for cooking purposes as LPG use for cooking purposes is rising rapidly.[26][27] In addition biomass is also used marginally in commercial cooking, electricity generation, process industries, etc. The total biomass use in India is nearly 177 Mtoe in the year 2013.[1] Substantial surplus crop residue is also burnt in agriculture fields to clear the land for the next crop. Nearly 75 crores (750 million) tons of nonedible (by cattle) biomass is available annually in India which can be put to use for higher value addition without CO2 emissions.[28][29]

Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations. Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to grind into fine powder due to caking problem. However 100% biomass can be fired after torrefaction in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal.[30] Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal-fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source. Cofiring dry biomass up to 20% heat input with coal is also possible directly in pulverised coal-fired power stations without facing caking problem.[31] North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems.[32] As traditional use of biomass is being replaced by LPG at a faster pace, biomass burning in agriculture fields would become major source for causing higher level air pollution.[33]

Biogas which is mainly methane/natural gas can also be used for generating protein-rich cattle, poultry and fish feed in villages economically by cultivating Methylococcus capsulatus bacteria culture with tiny land and water foot print.[34][35][36] The carbon dioxide gas produced as by product from these plants can be put to use in cheaper production of algae oil from algae particularly in tropical countries like India which can displace the prime position of crude oil in near future.[37][38] Union government is implementing many schemes to utilise productively the agro waste or biomass in rural areas to uplift rural economy and job potential.[39][40]

Biofuel

India imports 85% of petroleum products with an import cost of $55 billion in 2020-21, India has set a target of blending 20% ethanol in petrol by 2025 resulting in import substitution saving of US$4 billion or 30,000 crore and India provides financial assistance for manufacturing ethanol from rice, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, sugarcane, sugar beet, etc.[41] In 2016, ethanol market penetration had reached 3.3% blend rate.[42]

Electricity

India electricity production

India was the third largest electricity producer in the world with 1,383 TWh generation in FY 2019–2020 and 99.99% of the population having access to power supply.[43] By 2013, India became the world's third largest producer of electricity with 4.8% global share, surpassing Japan and Russia.[44][45] India ranks 6th globally in hydropower generation during the year 2019.[18]

India has 136 GW (38%) installed capacity of renewable energy. It is one of the world leaders in renewable energy investments and installations.[46]

India has set a target of 175 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy capacity by 2022.[47] This would include 100 GW capacity from solar energy sources, 60 GW from wind power, 10 GW from biopower, and 5 GW from small hydropower.[48]

See also

  • iconEnergy portal
  • flagIndia portal

References

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  2. ^ "World energy consumption clock". US debt clock org. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
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  13. ^ a b "The True Cost of Coal" Archived 30 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine Greenpeace 27 November 2008 pp. 24–29
  14. ^ a b Gross, Rahul Tongia and Samantha (8 March 2019). "Coal in India". Brookings. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  15. ^ "Import of coal - Trends and issue of self reliance" (PDF). Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  16. ^ "JSPL's 1.8 MTPA coal gasification based DRI plant resumes operations in Angul". Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  17. ^ "Coal Gasification based Production of Direct Reduced Iron". Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  18. ^ a b "Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (page 31)" (PDF). Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  19. ^ "LPG Profile 2019" (PDF). Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  20. ^ "LPG cylinder now used by 89% households". Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  21. ^ "India becomes world's second-largest LPG consumer". Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  22. ^ "India challenges China as world's biggest LPG importer". Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
  23. ^ "PM Modi says 70% of India's population will have city gas facility in 2-3 years". Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  24. ^ "Map of GAIL's Natural Gas Pipelines". Retrieved 22 November 2018.
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  27. ^ "NITI Aayog pitches for round-the-clock power for all-electric vehicles". Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  28. ^ "Renewable Methanol" (PDF). Retrieved 19 May 2021.
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  31. ^ "Cofiring of biomass in coal-fired power plants – European experience". Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  32. ^ "CEA has written to all States to use 5-10% of biomass pellets with coal for power generation in thermal power plants". Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  33. ^ "Air Pollution: Delhi sees hope as NTPC steps in to buy crop residue from farmers". Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  34. ^ "BioProtein Production" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
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  39. ^ "Indrapratha Gas, Mahindra & Mahindra join hands to stop stubble burning". Retrieved 20 February 2018.
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