English loanwords in Irish
Present-day Irish has numerous loanwords from English. The native term for these is béarlachas (Irish pronunciation: [ˈbʲeːɾˠl̪ˠəxəsˠ]), from Béarla, the Irish word for the English language. It is a result of language contact and bilingualism within a society where there is a dominant, superstrate language (in this case, English) and a minority substrate language with few or no monolingual speakers and a perceived "lesser" status (in this case, Irish).
Types
Anglicisms exists in many forms, from the direct translation of English phrases to the common form of creating verbal nouns from English words by adding the suffix -áil (this is also used to form verbs from native roots, such as trasnáil, "cross over", from trasna "across", tuigeáil (Connacht, Ulster) "understanding" (Munster tuiscint), from tuig "understand", and so on).[1][2] Táim ag runáil go dtí an siopa ("I'm running towards the shop") is an anglicism, as "runáil" is a verb created from the English word "run" with the Irish suffix -áil attached; the traditional Irish for this would be Táim ag rith go dtí an siopa.[3]
Calquing also occurs; it is called béarlachas in Irish[4] and describes when an English phrase is literally translated into Irish, even though an equivalent Irish phrase already exists.[5] An example of this is "Moilligh síos" ("slow down" – moill "delay" + síos "downwards", calqued from English), instead of the more traditional Maolaigh ar do luas ("reduce your velocity"), or simply Maolaigh! ("Slow down!").
Semantic loaning occurs too with the meaning of some terms being broadened to match English. An example is oráiste, originally meaning the orange fruit but also being used to describe to the colour. The meaning of Irish colours has been brought more in line with English in recent times. Teachers will often teach bándearg (pink or lit. white-red) to be one of the 11 basic colour terms but to native speakers it's just seen as a light shade of dearg (red) like how bánbhuí (lit. white-yellow) is just a light shade of buí (yellow) along with flannbhuí (orange). Glas is taught to mean "green" but to native speakers it can also mean grey or certain shades of blue.
Scottish Gaelic learners will often be taught wrongly that "glas" means "grey".
Old borrowings
Many words that are commonly thought by "purists" to be anglicisms have been a part of the Irish language for a long time, and have become "nativised". At the same time, certain words that are sometimes assumed to be from English are actually from Norse or Norman French, and as such are not true anglicisms. For example:
- liosta: "list" (Norman: liste)
- aidhm: "aim" (Norman: aesmer; where cuspóir is considered by some to be the 'native' Irish word)
- véarsa, béarsa [the ⟨b⟩- form considered to be uneducated dialect]: "verse" (Norman: verse [ˈβʲeːrsə]; the Irish word is rann)
- cathaoir: "chair" (both words derive from Latin cathedra)
- sciorta: "skirt" (both words are from Norse skyrta)
- cóta: "coat" (both words are from Anglo-Norman cotte)
- forc: "fork" (both from Latin furca)
- pláta: "plate" (both from Old French plate, from Medieval Latin plata)
- grúpa: "group" (both from French groupe)
- seans: "chance" (both from Old French chance)
- coinneal: "candle" (both ultimately from Latin candēla)
- páipéar: "paper" (páipér; both words derive from Old French paper, papier)
Other words are 'early anglicisms', having entered the language in the 18th and 19th centuries:
- praghas: "price" (also possibly from Norman French preis, pris)
- dabht: "doubt" (the Irish words are: ambras, gó)
The word péint may have been borrowed directly from English "paint" or from Old French peint. The verb pinntél ("to paint") appears in some Old Irish works.[6]
Other words are actually Celtic roots that have entered English:
- carr: "car" (Old Irish carr, "wagon", from Proto-Celtic *karros)[7][8]
- cros: "cross" (the Irish word is from Latin crux; the English form with -s at the end may be a borrowing directly from Old Irish)[9]
- clog: "clock" (Old Irish cloc, Latin clocca, possibly of Celtic derivation)[10]
- leathar: "leather" (Old Irish lethar, Old English leþer; both words derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *létrom)[11]
- peata: "pet (animal)" (entered English from Scottish Gaelic, from Middle Irish pet[t]a; possibly from French petit, "small," or Brittonic *petti-, "thing, piece")[12]
- iarann: "iron" (both words ultimately derive from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom, "iron")[13]
False cognates
- The word ród ("road, route"), most commonly seen in iarnród (iron road, i.e. railway) is actually derived from Old Irish rót (from ro-sét, "great path", or rōut, "distance, length") and is not a borrowing of English road, although it may have been influenced by the Old English root rād ("riding").[14][15][16][17]
- Oigheann, the Irish word for "oven", is not derived from the English; it comes from Middle Irish aigen ("cooking-vessel, pan"), from Celtic root *aginâ ("vessel"). English oven is from Old English ofn, from Proto-Germanic *uhnaz.
- Dé (a term used before names of days of the week, as in Dé hAoine, "Friday"), is a false cognate: it derives from Latin dies, which is from Proto-Italic *djēm, PIE *dyḗws ("heaven"), while English "day" is from Old English dæġ, from Proto-Germanic *dagaz.[18]
- Domhan ("world") is derived from a Celtic root *dubnos, meaning "deep"; it is not related to English domain, which is ultimately from Latin domus, "house".[19][20]
Modern concepts
Words used for foreign inventions, imports, and so on, where a native Irish word does not exist, are often a macaronic import as well. These are strictly speaking not anglicisms, but examples of loans from foreign languages. In some cases an Irish word has been developed, and in others it has not. This has been a characteristic of word development in the language for as long as written records exist, and is not limited to anglicisms. In some cases the original Irish word is no longer known, or has a different meaning within the same semantic field:
English | New loanword | Original Irish |
---|---|---|
phone | fón | guthán |
bicycle | badhsuiceal | rothar |
Older forms include words such as:
- iarla (from Norse jarl), in place of tiarna (Irish), meaning "lord, earl"
- bád (from Old Norse), in place of currach (Irish), meaning "boat"
Variation
In some cases, the foreign loan has an official pronunciation in Irish, and a colloquial one based on English; the colloquial form is an anglicism, while the official form is a Gaelicisation of the foreign word:
- ceint ([cɛnʲtʲ] or [sˠɛnʲtʲ]) "cent"
- bus ([bˠʊsˠ] or [bˠɔsˠ]) "bus"
- stádas ([ˈsˠt̪ˠaːd̪ˠəsˠ] or [ˈsˠt̪ˠat̪ˠəs, ˈsˠt̪ˠeːt̪ˠəsˠ], also [ˈsˠt̪ˠæt̪ˠəs, ˈʃt̪ˠæt̪ˠəsˠ]) "status"
The most striking forms of anglicisms, however, are the names of the letters of the alphabet—the vast majority of which are normally said in the English way, except for ⟨a⟩—as well as the use of words such as bhuel ("well"), no ("no"), jost ("just"), and álraight ("all right" – for go maith). Such words are used with their English syntax in Irish:
- Bhuel, fanfaidh mé jost anseo, dhiúnó, go dtiocfaidh tú ar ais.
- Well, I'll just wait here, you know, till you come back.
- 'bhFuil tú álraight ansin, a bhuachaill? - No, nílim álraight anaonchor.
- Are you all right there, lad? - No, I'm not all right at all.
Letters that are not traditionally used in Irish orthography occur (such as ⟨j, k, q, v, w, x, y, z⟩, as well as ⟨h⟩ at the beginning of words), though in older English loans the foreign sounds have been gaelicised:
- Jab: Job (beside post from French, obair from Latin)
- Zú, Sú: Zoo (where gairdín ainmhithe already exists)
- w > bh / v: bhálcaereacht, válcaereacht "strolling, walking"
Most words that begin with ⟨p⟩ in the language are also foreign loans, as ⟨p⟩ did not exist in prehistoric or early Old Irish (such as póg "kiss" (Old Welsh pawg, Latin pacem "peace"), peaca (Latin pecatum "sin").
Republican use
During The Troubles, between the 1970s and the 1990s, many physical force Irish republican prisoners in Long Kesh (later the Maze Prison) often spoke in Irish, for cultural reasons and to keep secrets from warders. This was dubbed the "Jailtacht", a portmanteau of "jail" and "Gaeltacht", the name for an Irish-speaking region.[23]
It is thought by some that the Republican slogan Tiocfaidh ár lá ("Our day will come") is a form of anglicism, more idiomatic equivalents being Beidh ár lá linn ("Our day will be with us") or Beidh ár lá againn ("We will have our day"). However, the verb teacht, meaning "come", is often used in a variety of phrases to express the "coming" of days, such as tháinig an lá go raibh orm an t-oileán d’fhágaint ("the day came when I had to leave the island)".
List of loanwords
Algartam (algorithm)
Badhsacal (Bicycle) (Native word: Rothar)
Bus (bus)
Coincréit (concrete)
Cócó (cocoa)
Choilíneacht (colonialism)
Crómasóm (chromosome)
Druga (drug)
Faró (Pharaoh)
Feimineach (femininist)
Fócas (focus)
Gunna (gun)
Institiúid (institution)
Lachtáit (lactate)
Lachtós (lactose)
Laibhe (lava)
Leaid (lad)
Micreathonnán (microwave)
Mód (mode)
Náisiún (nation)
Poblacht (republic)
Seacláid (chocolate)
Scútar (scooter)
stáisiún (station)
Táibléad (tablet)
Traein (train)
Trófaí (Trophy)
Veigeán (vegan)
Volta (volt)
Vóta (vote)
Zú (Native word: gairdín ainmhithe) (English: Zoo)
List of terms calqued from English
A
- abairt scoilte
- abhacréalta
- aerfhórsa
- aerfort
- aerghiotár
- aerinneall
- aerlíne
- aerlínéar
- aerpháirc
- ailbheolach
- ainm cleite
- airgead beo
- airgead póca
- amach is amach
- amadán Aibreáin
- amchlár
- amhábhar
- anaigineas
- anamorfacht
- antatocsain
- aonadfhad
- aonidéachas
- aschuir
- aschur
B
- baintreach dhubh
- ballachlár
- béabharchlár
- béarmhargadh
- bithábhar
- bithbhreosla
- bithshlándáil
- bloc-chlár
- bogearraí
- bréagnuacht
- broc meala
C
- caidhp bháis
- cailc-chlár
- cairdín pianó
- cárta creidmheasa
- caschlár
- céad mháta
- ceannbhalla
- ceanncheathrú
- ceanntréan
- ceap dearnála
- cearc fhraoigh
- ceirnín dlúth
- cianrialtán
- clár aimsire
- clár cailc
- clár toinne
- clibchlár
- clóscríobh
- cluasmharcáil
- comhthéacs
- córas oibriúcháin
- corcscriú
- Corn an Domhain
- craftpháipéar
- crosbhogha
- crosfhocal
- crua-chlár
- cúl-líne
- cúlchlár
D
- dátphluma
- deireadh seachtaine
- donnóg
- dordfhocal
- dordlíne
E
- each-chumhacht
- eitpheil
- eochairchlár
F
- fear gnó
- féin-chomhfhiosach
- féineach
- féinín
- físcheamara
- físghránnán
- físráiteas
- fístéacs
- foghareolaíocht
- fóineolaíocht
- folúsghlantóir
- fotheideal
- fréamh-roghchlár
G
- gairmuimhir
- gan dabht
- go maith as
I
- Idirlíon
- ionchur
- íoslódáil
L
- LADT
- lán-nóta
- lánchúlaí
- lánstad
- lasc-chlár
- leag an bord
- lig ar
- lingchlár
- linn snámha
- luasbhád
M
- mála droma
- máthairchlár
- -méadrach
- meaisínghunna
- meánaois
- Meánaois
- míolsiorc
O
- obair bhaile
- oighearaois
P
- pasfhocal
- péist talún
- pianóchairdín
- pionna srathrach
- pionnachlár
- plánchlár
- plástarchlár
R
- Ríocht Aontaithe
- ríomhaire
S
- saol gnéis
- Sasana Nua
- scamall a naoi
- scórchlár
- seoléadach
- síonchlár
- slischlár
- solasbhliain
- sreabhchlár
- Stáit Aontaithe
- stílbhileog
- stocmhargadh
- suíomh gréasáin
T
- tabhair suas
- taeghairdín
- taoschnó
- teilifís
- tonnchlár
- trasinscneach
- tuíchlár
U
- uachtar reoite
- uasghrádaigh
- uaslódáil
- ubhthoradh
- uiscechlár
V
- vatuair
- Vicífhoclóir
- voltaimpéar
X
- X-chrómasóm
- X-gha
Y
- Y-chrómasóm
semantic abuse and semantic loans
Oráiste meaning Orange (fruit). Flannbhuí which is considered a shade of buí (yellow) in Irish is the proper word for the colour.
Aerach meaning gay (feeling). The proper term for homosexuality is homaighnéasachas. All native non-calqued or semantically altered words relating to homosexuality in Irish such as piteog, síog, cam and gearrán all have negative meanings.
Similar phenomenon in Scottish Gaelic
The same concept also exists within Scottish Gaelic, in which language it is referred to as beurlachas. Some examples include:
- stòraidh, "story" (instead of sgeulachd)
- gèam, "game" (instead of cluiche)
- tidsear, "teacher" (instead of the older mùin(t)ear)
- nurs, "nurse" (instead of banaltram)
References
- ^ "1st conj. ending in -ail". 22 March 2022. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ "Gael-Taca website (Irish language promotion organisation) Examples of 'Béarlachas'". Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
- ^ "English–Irish Dictionary (de Bhaldraithe): run". www.teanglann.ie. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ ""béarlachas"". téarma.ie. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ "Béarlachas & Loanwords". Tumblr. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ "eDIL - Irish Language Dictionary". www.dil.ie.
- ^ "Car, n. meanings, etymology, and more". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ "car | Etymology of car by etymonline". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ "cross | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ "clock | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (24 August 2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-928791-8.
- ^ "Pet, n2 & adj. meanings, etymology, and more". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ "Annotated list of Celtic loanwords, and possible Celtic loanwords, in Proto-Germanic" (PDF). Linguistics at University of Pennsylvania. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ Jucker, Andreas H.; Landert, Daniela; Seiler, Annina; Studer-Joho, Nicole (15 December 2013). Meaning in the History of English: Words and texts in context. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027270894 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Y Cymmrodor: The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion ..." The Society. 2 December 1880 – via Google Books.
- ^ "eDIL - Irish Language Dictionary". www.dil.ie.
- ^ "eDIL - Irish Language Dictionary". www.dil.ie.
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill
- ^ MacLeod, Sharon Paice (17 May 2018). Celtic Cosmology and the Otherworld: Mythic Origins, Sovereignty and Liminality. McFarland. ISBN 9781476669076 – via Google Books.
- ^ Beaven, Peter (13 May 2017). Building English Vocabulary With Etymology Introduction. Lulu.com. ISBN 9780982474006 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Béarlachas & Loanwords". Tumblr. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ https://bwpl.unibuc.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BWPL_2010_nr-2_Chudak.pdf
- ^ Mac Giolla Chriost, Diarmait (5 January 2012). Jailtacht: The Irish Language, Symbolic Power and Political Violence in Northern Ireland, 1972–2008. University of Wales Press. pp. 88–91. ISBN 978-0-7083-2497-4.
- v
- t
- e
languages
- Cameroon Pidgin+French+English Camfranglais
- Bengali+Persian+Arabic Dobhashi
- Italian+Spanish+French+Arab Sabir †
- English+Chinese+Malay+Tamil Singlish and Manglish
- Hebrew+Aramaic+German+Slavic Yiddish
- Chinese+Mongolian+Tibetan Wutun language
- Chinese+Tagalog+English Hokaglish
- Malay+Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch Betawi
- Arabic Arablish
- Bengali Banglish
- Czech Czenglish
- Chinese Chinglish
- Chinese+Tagalog Hokaglish
- Danish Danglish
- Dutch Dunglish
- Finnish Finglish
- French Franglais
- German Denglisch
- Greek Greeklish
- Hebrew Heblish, Yeshivish
- Hindi Hinglish
- Hong Kong
- Hungarian Hunglish
- Irish Béarlachas
- Italian Itanglese
- Japanese Engrish, Wasei-eigo, Bonin English
- Kannada Kanglish
- Korean Konglish
- Maltese Maltenglish
- Malayalam Manglish (Malayalam)
- Malaysian Manglish
- Namibia Namlish
- Polish Poglish
- Portuguese Porglish/Portuglish
- Russian Runglish, Solombala English
- Sicilian Siculish
- Singaporean Singlish
- Spanish Spanglish, Llanito
- Swedish Swenglish
- Tagalog Taglish/Englog
- Tamil Tanglish
- Telugu Tenglish
- Thai Tinglish
- Turkish Turklish
- Urdu Urdish
- Vietnamese Vinish
- Visayan Bislish
- Yiddish Yinglish, Yeshivish
- See also:
- English Arablish
- South Sudan local languages Juba Arabic
- Greek Cypriot Arabic
- Jordanian+Bengali Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic
- English Chinglish, Chinese Pidgin English
- English+Malay+Tamil Singlish and Manglish
- English+Tagalog Hokaglish
- Tibetan Daohua
- Mongolian+Tibetan Wutun language
- Uyghur Hezhou language
- Russian Kyakhta
- Japanese Kyowa-go
- Inter-topolects Linghua, Shaozhou Tuhua
- Tai E language
- Hmongic Maojia dialect
- Santa Tangwang language
- Malay+Javanese Baba Malay, Betawi
- Spanish Frespañol/Fragnol
- Japanese Franponais
- Occitan Meridional French
- English Franglais
- Hebrew Zarphatic
- Gallo-Italic Franco-Italian
Language
- American Sign Language Bolivian Sign Language, Thai Sign Language, Philippine Sign Language, Malaysian Sign Language
- Russian Deutschrussisch
- Spanish Belgranodeutsch
- English Denglisch
- Portuguese Hunsrik (when Portuguese-influenced)
- Hebrew Yiddish
- Yiddish Lachoudisch
- English Greeklish
- Hebrew Judeo-Greek
- Turkish Cappadocian Greek
- Arabic languages Judeo-Arabic languages
- Aramaic languages Judeo-Aramaic languages
- Iranian languages Judaeo-Iranian languages
- Romance languages Judaeo-Romance languages
- German Yiddish
- Spanish Judaeo-Spanish, Haketia
- English Heblish, Yinglish, Yeshivish
- Georgian Judaeo-Georgian
- Malayalam Judeo-Malayalam
- Tatar Karaim, Krymchak
- Slavic Knaanic
- Greek Yevanic
- Indic Judeo-Marathi
- English Itanglese
- Spanish Cocoliche, Lunfardo
- Portuguese Macaronic Portuguese
- Croatian Fiuman dialect
- Hebrew Judeo-Italian
- English Engrish, Wasei-eigo, Bonin English
- Portuguese Dekasegi Portuguese
- French Franponais
- Chinese Kyowa-go
- Malay trade and creole languages
- English+Chinese+Tamil Singlish and Manglish
- Chinese Baba Malay
- Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch Betawi
- Sinhalese+Tamil Sri Lankan Malay
- Ternate Manado Malay, North Moluccan Malay, Ambonese Malay
- Dutch Petjo
- Makassarese Makassar Malay
- Spanish Portuñol/Portunhol
- English Porglish/Portuglish
- Italian languages Macaronic Portuguese
- Bengali Bengali Portuguese
- Japanese Dekasegi Portuguese
- Gallo-Italic languages Talian (when Portuguese-influenced)
- Hunsrückisch German Hunsrik (when Portuguese-influenced)
- Bantu languages Cafundó dialect (cupópia), Gira da Tabatinga, Kalunga
- Hebrew Judeo-Portuguese
- Southeast Asian languages Macanese Patois
- German Deutschrussisch
- Ukrainian Surzhyk, Balachka
- Belarusian Trasianka
- Norwegian Russenorsk
- English Runglish, Solombala English
- Chinese Kyakhta
languages
- Danish+English Danglish
- Norwegian+Russian Russenorsk
- Norwegian+Spanish Norspañol
- Norwegian+Swedish Svorsk
- Swedish+English Swenglish
- Portuguese Portuñol/Portunhol
- German Belgranodeutsch
- English Spanglish, Llanito
- Italian languages Cocoliche, Lunfardo
- Gallo-Italic languages Chipilo
- Galician Castrapo
- French Frespañol/Fragnol
- Guarani Jopará
- Norwegian Norspañol
- Belarusian West Polesian
- English Canadian Ukrainian
- Polish Balak
- Russian Surzhyk, Balachka
- English Heblish, Yinglish, Yeshivish
- Scots Scots Yiddish
- German Lachoudisch