FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993

U.S.C. sections amended

22 U.S.C. ch. 33 §§ 2458, 2460, 2461
22 U.S.C. ch. 55 § 4501 et seq.
22 U.S.C. ch. 67 § 5801 et seq.
50 U.S.C. ch. 23 § 781 et seq.
50a U.S.C. § 2401
50a U.S.C. § 2402
50a U.S.C. § 2403-1

Legislative history

Introduced in the House as H.R. 3000 by Dick Gephardt (D-MO) on August 6, 1993
Committee consideration by House Armed Services, House Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, House Foreign Affairs, House Intelligence (Permanent), House Judiciary, House Post Office and Civil Service, House Ways and Means
Passed the House on November 15, 1993 (Passed voice vote)
Passed the Senate on November 22, 1993 (Passed voice vote, in lieu of S. 1672) with amendment
House agreed to Senate amendment on November 23, 1993 (Agreed without objection)
Signed into law by President Bill Clinton on December 17, 1993

The FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 was enacted as a law of the United States enhancing prior statutory provisions which govern international relations between the former Republics of the Soviet Union and United States during the Cold War. The Act of Congress reformed United States statutes related to:

Armament export controls as related to military technology transfer limitations
Continental cultural and educational exchange
Cooperative foreign trade relations
Diplomatic relations with foreign allies
Global environmental shifts
Immigration and nationality requirements
International products exports
Societal propagandization as related to multicultural social ideology

H.R. 3000 was passed by the 103rd United States Congressional session and enacted into law by the 42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton on December 17, 1993.^[1]^[2]

Titles of the Act

The 1993 Act was penned as nine titles establishing purposeful foreign relations as related to the development of emerging democracies and improved multinational partnerships.

Title I: Policy of Friendship and Cooperation

Statement of purpose

Findings

Statutory provisions that have been applicable to the Soviet Union.

Title II: Trade and Business Relations

Policy under Export Administration Act

Representation of countries of Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the former Soviet Union in legal commercial transactions

Procedures regarding transfers of certain Department of Defense-funded items

Soviet slave labor

Title III: Cultural, Educational, and Other Exchange Programs

Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961

Soviet-Eastern European research and training^[3]^[4]

Fascell Fellowship Act^[5]^[6]

Board for International Broadcasting Act^[7]^[8]

Scholarship programs for developing countries

Report on Soviet participants in certain exchange programs

Title IV: Arms Control

Arms Control and Disarmament Act

Arms Export Control Act

Annual reports on arms control matters

United States/Soviet direct communication link

Title V: Diplomatic Relations

Personnel levels and limitations

Other provisions related to operation of consulates and embassies

Foreign Service Buildings Act^[9]

Title VI: Oceans and the Environment

Arctic Research and Policy Act^[10]^[11]

Fur seal management

Global climate protection^[12]^[13]

Title VII: Regional and General Diplomatic Issues

United Nations assessments

Soviet occupation of Afghanistan

Angola

Self determination of the people from the Baltic States

Obsolete references in Foreign Assistance Act

Review of United States policy toward the Soviet Union

Title VIII: Internal Security; Worldwide Communist Conspiracy

Civil defense

Report on Soviet press manipulation in the United States

Subversive Activities Control Act

Report on Soviet and international communist behavior

Title IX: Miscellaneous

Ballistic missile tests near Hawaii

Nondelivery of international mail

State-sponsored harassment of religious groups

Murder of Major Arthur D. Nicholson

Monument to honor victims of communism

References

^ "FRIENDSHIP Act | Documents Collection Center". documents.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
^ "PUBLIC LAW 103-199—DEC. 17, 1993" (PDF). Congress.gov. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
^ "Soviet-Eastern European Research and Training Act of 1983 ~ P.L. 98-164" (PDF). 97 Stat. 1047 ~ House Bill 2915. U.S. Government Publishing Office. November 22, 1983.
^ "H.R.2915 - Soviet-Eastern European Research and Training Act of 1983". Congress.gov. May 5, 1983.
^ "Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 ~ P.L. 99-399" (PDF). 100 Stat. 853 ~ House Bill 4151. U.S. Government Publishing Office. August 27, 1986.
^ "H.R.4151 - Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986". Congress.gov. February 6, 1986.
^ "Board for International Broadcasting Act of 1973 ~ P.L. 93-129" (PDF). 87 Stat. 456 ~ Senate Bill 1914. U.S. Government Publishing Office. October 19, 1973.
^ "S.1914 - Board for International Broadcasting Act". Congress.gov. May 31, 1973.
^ "Foreign Service Buildings Act of 1926 ~ P.L. 69-186" (PDF). 44 Stat. 403 ~ House Bill 10200. Legis★Works. May 7, 1926. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
^ "Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 ~ P.L. 98-373" (PDF). 98 Stat. 1242 ~ Senate Bill 373. U.S. Government Publishing Office. July 31, 1984.
^ "S.373 - Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984". Congress.gov. February 1, 1983.
^ "Global Climate Protection Act of 1987 ~ P.L. 100-204" (PDF). 101 Stat. 1407 ~ House Bill 1777. U.S. Government Publishing Office. December 22, 1987.
^ "H.R.1777 - Global Climate Protection Act of 1987". Congress.gov. March 25, 1987.

External links

"29 WCPD 545 - Vancouver Declaration: Joint Statement of the Presidents of the United States and the Russian Federation" (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. April 4, 1993.
Battista, Carolyn (June 24, 1990). "Dramatic Harmony in Student Exchange". The New York Times. Waterford, Connecticut.
James, George (October 4, 1998). "GOVERNMENT; For Exchange Students and Sponsors, Lessons for Life". The New York Times.
"Revelations from the Russian Archives". Exhibitions. United States Library of Congress. 15 June 1992.
Clinton, William J. (September 6, 1996). "Statement on the 1997 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Summit - September 6, 1996". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 1501–1502.
Clinton, William J. (December 10, 1996). "Statement Announcing the 1997 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Summit - December 10, 1996". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. p. 2184.