Factor XI

F11
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1XX9, 1XXD, 1XXF, 1ZHM, 1ZHP, 1ZHR, 1ZJD, 1ZLR, 1ZMJ, 1ZML, 1ZMN, 1ZOM, 1ZPB, 1ZPC, 1ZPZ, 1ZRK, 1ZSJ, 1ZSK, 1ZSL, 1ZTJ, 1ZTK, 1ZTL, 2F83, 2FDA, 2J8J, 2J8L, 3BG8, 3SOR, 3SOS, 4CR5, 4CR9, 4CRA, 4CRB, 4CRC, 4CRD, 4CRE, 4CRF, 4CRG, 4NA7, 4NA8, 4TY6, 4TY7, 4WXI, 4X6M, 4X6N, 4X6O, 4X6P, 4Y8X, 4Y8Y, 4Y8Z, 4D7F, 5E2O, 5E2P, 4D76, 4D7G, 5EXL, 5I25, 5EXM, 5EOD, 5EXN, 5EOK
Identifiers
Aliases	F11, FXI, coagulation factor XI, PTA, factor XI
External IDs	OMIM: 264900 MGI: 99481 HomoloGene: 86654 GeneCards: F11
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 4 (human)[1] Band 4q35.2 Start 186,266,189 bp[1] End 186,289,681 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 8 (mouse)[2] Band 8 B1.1|8 25.14 cM Start 45,694,211 bp[2] End 45,715,068 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right lobe of liver body of pancreas jejunal mucosa renal medulla pancreatic epithelial cell duodenum pancreatic ductal cell kidney gallbladder islet of Langerhans Top expressed in left lobe of liver right lobe of liver sexually immature organism seminiferous tubule atrioventricular valve spermatid ureter upper arm triceps brachii muscle urothelium More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function serine-type aminopeptidase activity peptidase activity heparin binding serine-type endopeptidase activity serine-type peptidase activity protein binding hydrolase activity identical protein binding Cellular component extracellular region plasma membrane extracellular exosome membrane extracellular space Biological process hemostasis blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway plasminogen activation regulation of blood coagulation proteolysis positive regulation of fibrinolysis blood coagulation Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 2160 109821 Ensembl ENSG00000088926 ENSMUSG00000031645 UniProt P03951 Q91Y47 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000128 NM_019559 NM_001354804 NM_028066 RefSeq (protein) NP_000119 NP_001341733 NP_082342 Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 186.27 – 186.29 Mb Chr 8: 45.69 – 45.72 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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Factor XI or plasma thromboplastin antecedent is the zymogen form of factor XIa, one of the enzymes of the coagulation cascade. Like many other coagulation factors, it is a serine protease. In humans, Factor XI is encoded by the F11 gene.^[5][6][7][8]

Function

Factor XI (FXI) is produced by the liver and circulates as a homo-dimer in its inactive form.^[9] The plasma half-life of FXI is approximately 52 hours. The zymogen factor is activated into factor XIa by factor XIIa (FXIIa), thrombin, and FXIa itself; due to its activation by FXIIa, FXI is a member of the "contact pathway" (which includes HMWK, prekallikrein, factor XII, factor XI, and factor IX).^[10]

Factor XIa activates factor IX by selectively cleaving arg-ala and arg-val peptide bonds. Factor IXa, in turn, forms a complex with Factor VIIIa (FIXa-FVIIIa) and activates factor X.

Physiological inhibitors of factor XIa include protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI, a member of the serine protease inhibitor/serpin class of proteins), which is independent of protein Z (its action on factor X, however, is protein Z-dependent, hence its name).

Structure

Although synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, FXI circulates as a homodimer. Every chain has a relative molecular mass of approximately 80000. Typical plasma concentrations of FXI are 5 μg/mL, corresponding to a plasma concentration (of FXI dimers) of approximately 30 nM. The FXI gene is 23kb in length, has 15 exons, and is found on chromosome 4q32-35.^[6][7]

Factor XI consists of four apple domains, that create a disk-like platform around the base of a fifth, catalytic serine protease domain. One contains a binding site for thrombin, another for high molecular weight kininogen, a third one for factor IX, heparin and glycoprotein Ib and the fourth is implicated in forming the factor XI homodimer, including a cysteine residue that creates a disulfide bond.

In the homodimer, the apple domains create two disk-like platforms connected together at an angle, with the catalytic domains sticking out at each side of the dimer.

Activation by thrombin or factor XIIa is achieved by cleavage of Arg369-Ile370 peptide bonds on both subunits of the dimer. This results in a partial detachment of the catalytic domain from the disk-like apple domains, still linked to the fourth domain with a disulfide bond, but now farther from the third domain. This is thought that this exposes the factor IX binding site of the third apple domain, allowing factor XI's protease activity on it. ^[11]

Role in disease

Deficiency of factor XI causes the rare hemophilia C; this mainly occurs in Ashkenazi Jews and is believed to affect approximately 8% of that population. Less commonly, hemophilia C can be found in Jews of Iraqi ancestry and in Israeli Arabs. The condition has been described in other populations at around 1% of cases. It is an autosomal recessive disorder. There is little spontaneous bleeding, but surgical procedures may cause excessive blood loss, and prophylaxis is required.^[12]

Low levels of factor XI also occur in many other disease states, including Noonan syndrome.

High levels of factor XI have been implicated in thrombosis, although it is uncertain what determines these levels and how serious the procoagulant state is.

Pharmacological inhibitors of factor XI that are under clinical development but not yet approved for treatment as of May 2022^[update] include the oral factor XIa inhibitors Asundexian (BAY 2433334)^[13] and Milvexian^[14] as well as the monoclonal anti-factor XI antibody Abelacimab (MAA868).^[15]

See also

• Contact activation pathway (also known as the intrinsic pathway)
• Tissue factor pathway (also known as the extrinsic pathway)

References

Further reading

External links

• The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: S01.213 Archived 2020-05-29 at the Wayback Machine