Falam language
Language spoken in Burma
| Falam | |
|---|---|
| Lai | |
| Lai ṭong | |
| Native to | Burma, India |
| Region | West Burma, North East India |
| Ethnicity | Chin |
Native speakers | (107,000 cited 1983–2001)[1] |
Language family | Sino-Tibetan
|
| Dialects |
|
Writing system | Latin |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:cfm – Falam Chincbl – Bualkhaw Chincnw – Ngawn Chin |
| Glottolog | fala1243 |
| ELP | Falam Chin |
| Chorei[2] | |
Falam Chin (also known as Lai) is a Kuki-Chin language in Falam Township, Chin State, Myanmar, and also in Mizoram, India.[not verified in body]
Falam Chin is closely related to most Central Chin languages, especially Hakha Chin.[3] The Falam people are primarily Christian and have translated the Bible into Falam Chin.
Dialects
Ethnologue lists the following dialects of Falam:
- Tlaisun (Shunkla, Sunkhla, Taishon, Tashom, Tashon)
- Laizo (Laiso, Laizao, Laizo-Shimhrin)
- Zahao (Lyen-Lyem, JaHau Yahow, Zahau, Zahau-Shimhrin, Za-How)
- Sim
Falam takes its name from a village, founded by the Tlaisun (in English, 'Tashon') tribe, and Tashon was the original language spoken in Falam. Falam grew in population from the surrounding tribes from Sunthla (also 'Sunkhla'), Sim and Zahau (also 'Zahao') that created a new language based on these three tribes, very different from the Tlaisun language. This language was later popularly known as Laizo. Laizo was recorded as the first language used in the official radio broadcasting dialect of Chin in Myanmar (Burma). In order to be inclusive in Laizo, the name was later changed to Falam, although its official name is still Laizo.[citation needed]
Rupini and Koloi are also quite different.[1] The Chorei and Zanniat dialects (collectively known as Baro Halam) may be considered separate languages.[4] Tapong has lower intelligibility with other Falam Chin dialects, having 75% lexical similarity with Zanniat.[4] Dialects once misleadingly called Southern Luhupa are actually Northern Kuki-Chin, and evidently Falam.[5]
Ethnologue reported the following speaker populations of Falam dialects in 1983: 9,000 Taisun, 16,000 Zanniat, 7,000 Khualsim, 4,000 Lente, 14,400 Zahau, 18,600 Laizo.[citation needed]
Phonology
The Falam language has five spoken vowels, but in writing, six are used. Of the five spoken, three of them, /u/, /a/, and /ɔ/ are spoke from the back of the mouth, /i/ is spoken from the top of the mouth, and /e/ is spoken from the middle. /ɔ/ can be pronounced as aw or o.[6]
Writing system
Falam Chin is written using the Latin script, with the exception of the letters Q, Y, J and X. The consonants ṭ (t with dot), ng (Guttural sound), and aw vowel (IPA [ɔː] or [ɑː]) are frequently used in both Chin literature and speaking.
This is a sample of written Falam Chin:
A hmaisabik ah Pathian in lei le van a seemsuah. Lei cu pianhmang le hmuithlam zianghman a rak nei lo. | In the beginning God created heaven and earth. The earth was formless and empty, and darkness covered the deep water. |
| —"Chin (Falam) Language". LM Languages. |
References
- ^ a b Falam Chin at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Bualkhaw Chin at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Ngawn Chin at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Chorei.
- ^ King, Deborah (2010). VOICE AND VALENCE-ALTERING OPERATIONS IN FALAM CHIN: A ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR APPROACH. Arlington, Texas: The University of Texas at Arlington.
- ^ a b "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
- ^ Linguasphere code 73-DDD-bp
- ^ Chin Writers' Handbook. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA: Bibles International. 2011.
Further reading
Falam language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
- Dum, James Qial; Van Kyi; S Hrang Kap Hnin (eds). 2009. Mirang—Lai (Falam) dictionary / Mirang Ca Zirpawl hrang. Lailun Foundation.
- Bibles International. 2009. Falam primer. Bibles International: The Bible Society of Baptist Mid-Missions. ISBN 1-59645-107-6
- Bibles International. 2008. Falam writers' handbook. Bibles International: The Bible Society of Baptist Mid-Missions. ISBN 1-59645-107-6
- Bibles International. 2009. Chin Cangantui Kutkaih / Chin Writers' Handbook - Falam. Bibles International: The Bible Society of Baptist Mid-Missions. ISBN 1-59645-127-0
- v
- t
- e
Sino-Tibetan branches
(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)
| Greater Magaric |
|---|
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)
| "Naga" | |
|---|---|
| Sal |
| Burmo-Qiangic |
|---|
(Arunachal)
| Greater Siangic |
|
|---|
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
