George Erskine
British Army officer (1899–1965)
- First World War
- Second World War
- North African campaign
- Italian campaign
- Operation Overlord
- Battle of Normandy
- Mau Mau Uprising
Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Distinguished Service Order
Mentioned in Despatches
General Sir George Watkin Eben James Erskine, GCB, KBE, DSO (23 August 1899 – 29 August 1965) was a British Army officer from Hascombe, Surrey. After he graduated from Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Erskine was commissioned into the King's Royal Rifle Corps and saw action on the Western Front of the First World War. During the Second World War, he commanded the 7th Armoured Division from 1943 to 1944. Erksine later commanded counterinsurgency operations against the Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA) during the Mau Mau rebellion.[2]
Early life and First World War
Erskine was the son of Major General George Elphinstone Erskine by his second wife Eva Constance Sarah, daughter of Canon Ebenezer Wood Edwards. He was a descendant of the noted 18th-century jurist John Erskine of Carnock.[3]
Erskine was educated at Charterhouse School and later entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the King's Royal Rifle Corps (KRRC) in 1918. He served during the First World War in France and Belgium and attended the Staff College, Camberley, from 1929 to 1930. During the 1930s he served in India but returned to Britain in 1937 to become Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General at Eastern Command.[4]
Second World War
In 1939 Erskine became a General Staff Officer for 1st London Division of the Territorial Army (TA). In 1941 he was appointed commanding officer of the 2nd Battalion, KRRC, which was then part of the 69th Infantry Brigade, and was sent to North Africa,[4] where he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1942.[3] He served as Brigadier General Staff (BGS) of XIII Corps, commanded by William Gott, a fellow officer of the KRRC, then Brian Horrocks and Miles Dempsey in 1942. He was then promoted to acting major general on 24 January 1943 and was appointed General Officer Commanding (GOC) 7th Armoured Division.[5] He served with the division in North Africa, Italy and Normandy between 1943 and 1944.[4]
During the Battle of Normandy in June and July 1944, the British Second Army commander, Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey, was unimpressed with the performance of the 7th Armoured Division and the VIII Corps commander, Lieutenant General Richard O'Connor, considered Erskine's direction of the division during Operation Goodwood excessively cautious.[6] Shortly afterwards, in the difficult bocage country during Operation Bluecoat, the 7th Armoured Division failed to gain its objectives and Erskine was sacked and replaced by Gerald Lloyd-Verney. In spite of his indifferent performance as a field commander, Erskine had qualities which suited him to other roles and this episode proved only a temporary setback to his career.[6] He became Head of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force Mission to Belgium in 1944 and then GOC 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division in 1945.[4]
Later career
After the war, Erskine was Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong in 1946, Director General of the Territorial Army 1948 to 1949 and GOC British Troops in Egypt in 1949. Returning to the United Kingdom, he became GOC-in-Chief, Eastern Command in 1952.[7] In 1953 he was appointed GOC-in-Chief, East Africa Command where he had command of all security forces, including the colonial police.[8] He was responsible for overseeing the response to the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya, and led Operation Anvil in Nairobi in April 1954.[8]
Upon taking command, Erskine issued an order that read: "I will not tolerate breaches of discipline leading to unfair treatment of anybody," and ordered that "every officer... should stamp on at once any conduct which he would be ashamed to see used against his own people." This did not stop Erskine from concealing incidents such as the Chuka massacre, though he also took steps to prosecute Major G.S.L. Griffiths, the officer responsible for the latter incident.[9] Erskine was GOC-in-Chief, Southern Command from 1955 to 1958, when he retired.[4]
In a letter to the British government, not made public until 2005, Erskine described his direct knowledge of atrocities committed by the security forces during the suppression of the uprising, including instances of torture and murder: "There is no doubt that in the early days... there was a great deal of indiscriminate shooting by army and police. I am quite certain prisoners were beaten to extract information. It is a short step from beating to torture and I'm now sure... that torture was a feature of many police posts."[2] According to historian Fabian Klose, Erskine made extensive use of forced resettlement and mass internment to "break the back of the insurgency."[8]
Erskine was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1950, a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1952 and a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1955.[3]
After retirement
Erskine was an Aide-de-Camp General to the Queen from 1955 to 1965.[3] From 1958 to 1963 he was Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Jersey.[4]
Family
Erskine married Ruby de la Rue, daughter of Sir Evelyn de la Rue, 2nd Baronet, in 1930. They had two sons and one daughter.[3]
References
- ^ Mead, p. 129.
- ^ a b Bowcott, Owen (5 February 2005). "Army tortured Mau Mau rebels in 1950s". The Guardian.
- ^ a b c d e General Sir George Watkin Eben James Erskine The Peerage
- ^ a b c d e f "Sir George Watkin Eben James Erskine]". Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. King's College London. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013.
- ^ "No. 35928". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 February 1943.
- ^ a b Mead, p. 131.
- ^ "Army Commands" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2020.
- ^ a b c Klose, Fabian (2013). Human Rights in the Shadow of Colonial Violence: The Wars of Independence in Kenya and Algeria. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8122-0782-8.
- ^ Anderson, David; Bennett, Huw; Branch, Daniel (August 2006). "A Very British Massacre". History Today. 56 (8): 20–22.
References
- Anderson, David; Bennett, Huw; Branch, Daniel (August 2006). "A Very British Massacre". History Today. 56 (8): 20–22.
- Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: a biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II. Stroud (UK): Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.
- Smart, Nick (2005). Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War. Barnesley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 1844150496.
External links
- Generals of World War II
- Portraits of Sir George Watkin Eben James Erskine at the National Portrait Gallery, London
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | GOC 7th Armoured Division 1943–1944 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Ivor Thomas | GOC 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division 1945–1946 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong 1946–1948 | Succeeded by Francis Matthews |
| Preceded by Richard Gale | GOC British Troops in Egypt 1949–1952 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | GOC-in-C Eastern Command 1952–1953 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | GOC East Africa Command 1953–1955 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | GOC-in-C Southern Command 1955–1958 | Succeeded by |
| Government offices | ||
| Preceded by | Lieutenant Governor of Jersey 1958–1963 | Succeeded by |
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