George Jackson Brigade

Revolutionary group based in Seattle, Washington, United States (1975-78)

George Jackson Brigade
Logo used by the George Jackson Brigade
Leaders	Horizontal leadership
Dates of operation	May 31, 1975 – 1978
Headquarters	Seattle, Washington
Active regions	Seattle, Tacoma, and Bellevue, Washington; Portland, Oregon
Ideology	Libertarian socialism Anti-war activism Anarcho-communism Antisexism Anti-imperialism Queer socialism Marxism-Leninism
Size	At least 6
Means of revenue	Wage-labour conducted by Ed Mead, then bank robbery
Opponents	United States
Designated as a terrorist group by	United States Government

The George Jackson Brigade was a revolutionary group founded in the mid-1970s, based in Seattle, Washington, and named after George Jackson, a dissident prisoner and Black Panther member shot and killed during an alleged escape attempt at San Quentin Prison in 1971.^[1]^[2]^[3] The group combined veterans of the women's liberation movement, homosexuals and Black prisoners.

The organization was ideologically diverse, consisting of both communists and anarchists.^[4] It engaged in a number of bombings and other attacks on governmental and business sites, as well as bank robberies over the years from 1975 through 1977. The group broke up with the death or imprisonment of many of its members by the end of that period.

Formation

In 1974 Ed Mead traveled to San Francisco, just a few years after his release from prison for a pharmacy burglary, hoping to connect with the Symbionese Liberation Army.^[5] However, when he arrived there he joined with another group, the New World Liberation Front or NWLF, where he learned to make pipe bombs.

Ed returned to Seattle, where he went underground to begin the armed struggle. He was joined soon after by his friend Bruce Seidel. They named the group after George Jackson, based on his promise that he would haunt his oppressors after his death.

Ideology and activities

The George Jackson Brigade included a mixture of Communist and Anarchist ideologies. It was involved in violent acts and advocated the use of force to overthrow the United States government or the government of the State of Washington, trying to initiate a popular insurrection and to draw attention to conditions for prisoners at Walla Walla State Penitentiary and an old federal prison on McNeil Island.

The main goal of the George Jackson Brigade was the dismantling of the United States government, to be replaced with a collectivist form of leadership. As communists and anarchists made up the brigade, the ideas for the exact way this would be achieved were not uniform.

The George Jackson Brigade stated that the ruling class would meet any revolution with violence so they must be prepared to use violence themselves. After each attack they carried out, successful or unsuccessful they would send a communique explaining why each place had been attacked. They also used these communiques as a way to communicate with authorities.^[5]^[6] In its operations, it tried to avoid killing or injuring civilians at all costs. In various communiques,^[6] the group claimed credit for bank robberies, bombings, attacks against custom houses, court houses, Safeway stores, public utilities, and correctional facilities.^[4]

Their second attack, on the Safeway grocery store on Capitol Hill in Seattle, was also their first failure as a group. The group hid a pipe bomb in a 50-pound bag of dog food, which it left in the store. Ed Mead claimed that he then called the Safeway store and informed them there was a bomb, but his warning was dismissed as a prank, while the Seattle press reported he called the wrong number. The explosion injured a number of civilians, engendering criticism for the attack.

Members

Prominent members of the George Jackson Brigade included:

Ed Mead, who was from California. He was arrested on January 23, 1976, after an attempted bank robbery in Tukwila, Washington. Mead was released from prison in 1993.
John Sherman, who was from New Jersey. He met Mead while they were in federal prison at McNeil Island in the late 1960s. He was injured in the Tukwila bank robbery, then later freed from custody by Mark Cook. Sherman remained free for two years before his recapture. Sherman later escaped again from a federal prison in California. He was finally released in 1998.
Bruce Seidel, who was a good friend of Mead and graduate student in economics at University of Illinois. He was killed during the Tukwila bank robbery.
Mark Cook, who was the organizer of the annual CONvention conference of prison activists. He was the only African-American member of the Brigade and the last to join. He took part in the Tukwila robbery, avoiding arrest, but was later arrested a few days after later freeing Sherman from Harborview Medical Center, wounding a King County Deputy, Virgil Johnson, in the encounter. He spent the next 24 years in prison until 2000.^[7]

Rita Brown, a working class ex-convict from Southern Oregon active in the Seattle prisoner support community. She was imprisoned for her activities with the Brigade.

Therese Coupez, who was Rita Brown's girlfriend from the local area. She also was imprisoned for her activities with the Brigade.

Actions

Date	Location	Area	Notes
Robberies conducted by the group
23 January 1976	Pacific National Bank	Tukwila, Washington	Attempted robbery and shootout by Mead, Sherman, Seidel, and Cook. Mead was captured, Sherman was wounded in the jaw, Seidel was killed, and Cook was able to flee in a car.
8 June 1976	Western Bank	Coos Bay, Oregon
13 July 1976	Carter National Bank	Ashland, Oregon
1 August 1976	The Oregon Bank	Medford, Oregon
28 October 1976	First State Bank of Oregon	Portland, Oregon
4 January 1977	U.S. National Bank of Oregon	Portland, Oregon
7 February 1977	U.S. National Bank of Oregon	Wilsonville, Oregon
21 May 1977	Washington State Liquor Store	Bellevue, Washington
20 June 1977	Rainier National Bank	Bellevue, Washington
8 September 1977	Old National Bank	Kirkland, Washington
19 September 1977	Peoples National Bank	Seattle, Washington	Skyway Branch
Attacks conducted by the group
31 May 1975	Washington State Corrections Office	Olympia, Washington
11 June 1975	University of Washington
5 September 1975	FBI offices	Tacoma, Washington
6 September 1975	Bureau of Indian Affairs Office	Everett, Washington
13 September 1975	Federal Office Building	Seattle, Washington
15 September 1975	Safeway Store	Seattle, Washington	Caused a death
18 September 1975	Safeway Store	Seattle, Washington
31 December 1975	Safeway Office building	Bellevue, Washington
31 December 1975	Seattle City Light Laurelhurst Substation	Seattle, Washington
12 May 1977	Rainier National Bank	Redmond, Washington
12 May 1977	Rainier National Bank	Bellevue, Washington	attempted
3 July 1977	Puget Power substation	Olympia, Washington	attempted
6 October 1977	Westlund Buick	Seattle, Washington	attempted
13 October 1977	S. L. Savidge Dodge	Seattle, Washington
16 October 1977	B.B.C Dodge	Burien, Washington
1 November 1977	Phil Smart Mercedes	Bellevue, Washington
2 November 1977	Diebold, INC.	Seattle, Washington
23 December 1977	Power Substation	Renton, Washington

Downfall

The downfall of the George Jackson Brigade started on January 23, 1976, when they attempted to rob a bank in Tukwila, Washington. Two police officers and one member of the George Jackson Brigade, Bruce Seidel, were killed along with Sherman and Mead being arrested with Sherman also being wounded. Then, on March 10 of the same year, Mark Cook rescued John Sherman from police custody; however, he shot a police officer in the stomach in the process. Sherman and Cook both escaped but Cook was captured a few days later and spent the next 25 years in prison.

The remaining members retreated to regroup. The group came back in the Fall of 1977, however in September 1977 Brown was arrested while casing a bank. Then on March 21, 1978, Sherman, Coupez, and Brown's girlfriend, Janine Bertram, were arrested in a Tacoma restaurant right before executing another robbery.^[8]

According to a report published by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism for the United States Department of Homeland Security's DHS Science and Technology Directorate, the George Jackson Brigade was ranked fifteenth among terrorist groups that perpetrated the most terrorist attacks in the United States between 1970 and 2011.^[9]

References

What Is the George Jackson Brigade? Archived 2007-10-20 at the Wayback Machine George Jackson Brigade Information Project (online)
Mark Cook, Seattle Black Panther Party History and Memory Project University of Washington (website)
Terrorist Incidents Attributed to the George Jackson Brigade in the Global Terrorism Database http://www.start-dev.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?chart=overtime&search=George%20Jackson

Sources

^ "'Days of Rage' scorns George Jackson Brigade, but Northwest radical group won't be ignored - oregonlive.com". OregonLive.com.
^ "Creating a Movement With Teeth a Document History of The George Jackson Brigade". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Banel, Feliks (11 October 2017). "George Jackson Brigade terrorized the Northwest in the 1970s". mynorthwest.com.
^ ^a ^b "George Jackson Brigade". TRAC Terrorism. Retrieved 2020-07-09.
^ ^a ^b Hauser, S (2011). Guerrilla USA: The George Jackson Brigade and the anticapitalist underground of the 1970s (1 ed.). Online: Choice.
^ ^a ^b "FBI ― George Jackson Brigade". vault.FBI.gov. FBI.gov. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
^ "George Jackson Brigade terrorized the Northwest in the 1970s". My Northwest. 11 October 2017. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
^ Burton-Rose, Daniel (2010). "Guerrilla USA: The George Jackson Brigade and the Anticapitalist Underground of the 1970s". University of California Press. ISBN 9780520264281. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1ppq11.
^ LaFree, Gary; Dugan, Laura (December 2012). "Integrated United States Security Database (IUSSD): Data on the Terrorist Attacks in the United States Homeland,1970 to 2011" (PDF). The University of Maryland. p. 25. Retrieved March 30, 2023.

American New Left

Organizations and
movements

General	Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Diggers Free Speech Movement George Jackson Brigade Maoist Internationalist Movement New Communist movement Peace and Freedom Party Progressive Labor Party Rainbow Coalition Red Guard Party SLATE Symbionese Liberation Army Up Against the Wall Motherfucker United Freedom Front Young Patriots Organization Youth International Party ("Yippies")
Students for a Democratic Society	New American Movement Revolutionary Youth Movement Venceremos Brigade Weather Underground Worker Student Alliance
Racial justice movements	American Indian Movement Antonio Maceo Brigade Black Liberation Army Black Liberators Black Panther Party Brown Berets I Wor Kuen Revolutionary Action Movement Sojourner Truth Organization White Panther Party Young Lords

People

Influences	Theodor W. Adorno Murray Bookchin Noam Chomsky Erich Fromm Paul Goodman Che Guevara Herbert Marcuse C. Wright Mills Ho Chi Minh Raymond Williams Erik Olin Wright Malcolm X Mao Zedong
Activists	Saul Alinsky Bob Avakian Bill Ayers Bernardine Dohrn David Gilbert Ted Gold Tom Hayden Abbie Hoffman John Jacobs Huey P. Newton Terry Robbins Jerry Rubin Bobby Seale