Glossary of Brexit terms

Words about the UK's withdrawal from the EU

Look up Appendix: Brexit glossary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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Brexit

Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union

Glossary of terms

European Communities Act
1975 EC membership referendum
UK rebate
Bruges speech
No. No. No.
Maastricht Rebels
Black Wednesday
European Union (Amendment) Act 2008
European Union Act 2011
UK opt-outs from EU legislation
Euroscepticism in the UK
- UK opinion polling on EU membership
Campaigns for a referendum
- People's Pledge
- Labour for a Referendum
Bloomberg speech
In or Out
2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill (unsuccessful)
2014 European Parliament election
2014 UK Parliament by-elections
- Clacton
- Heywood and Middleton
- Rochester and Strood
2015 UK general election
2015–16 EU membership renegotiation

2016 EU referendum

EU Referendum Act (Gibraltar)
EU Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations
EU Referendum (Conduct) Regulations
Issues
Endorsements
Opinion polling
UK Government pro-EU leaflet

Campaigns

Leave campaigns

Vote Leave (official)
Leave.EU
- Bpoplive
The Freedom Association
- Better Off Out
Grassroots Out
Labour Leave
Get Britain Out
Bruges Group
Campaign for an Independent Britain
Brexit: The Movie

Remain campaigns

Britain Stronger in Europe (official)
Labour In for Britain
European Movement UK
Britain in Europe
British Influence
Business for New Europe
Nucleus
Project Fear

Outcome

Results
Causes for result
International reactions
Immediate aftermath
- 2016 Conservative Party election
- 2016 Labour Party election
- 2016 UKIP election
- Department for Exiting the EU
- Department for International Trade
Allegations of unlawful campaigning
Alleged Russian interference

Notice of withdrawal

Article 50 process
Miller case (Article 50)
EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017
Brexit plan
Repeal Bill plan
2017 UK general election

Negotiation positions
- EU negotiation mandate
- Chequers agreement
Timeline: 2017, 2018, 2019
2019 European Parliament election
2019 UK general election

Withdrawal agreement

Withdrawal Act 2018 (Gibraltar)
Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018
Cooper–Letwin Act
Benn Act
2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs
Public Vote Bill (not passed)
Terms of Withdrawal Bills (not passed)
Scottish EU Continuity Bill (blocked)
Withdrawal Agreement Act (Gibraltar)
Scottish EU Continuity Act
Internal Market Act
EU (Future Relationship) Act
Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill

Impact on the Irish border
- Good Friday Agreement
Impact on the EU
Economic effects
Effects on Gibraltar
Scientific cooperation
Retained EU law
2021 Jersey dispute

EU–UK relations

Relations with EU member states

Conjectured EEA membership

Post-referendum opinion polling
New initiatives
Led By Donkeys
- Revoke Article 50 petition
Postcards from the 48%
Proposed second Scottish independence referendum

Calls for a second referendum

People's Vote
Other organisations
- Best for Britain
- Bollocks to Brexit
- Change UK
- Liberal Democrats
- Right to Vote

Bloomberg speech	Jan 2013
Referendum Bill blocked	Jan 2014
European Parliament election	May 2014
2015 general election	May 2015
Renegotiation begins	Jun 2015
Referendum Act passed	Dec 2015
Renegotiation concluded	Feb 2016
Referendum held	Jun 2016
David Cameron resigns as PM	Jul 2016
Theresa May becomes PM	Jul 2016
Article 50 judgement	Jan 2017
Brexit plan presented	Feb 2017
Notification Act passed	Mar 2017
Article 50 invoked	Mar 2017
Repeal Bill plan presented	Mar 2017
2017 general election	Jun 2017
Brexit negotiations begin	Jun 2017
Withdrawal Act passed	Jun 2018
Chequers plan presented	Jul 2018
Withdrawal agreement plan presented	July 2018
Withdrawal agreement released	Nov 2018
Scottish Continuity Bill blocked	Dec 2018
Meaningful votes	Jan–Mar 2019
Brexit delayed until 12 April	Mar 2019
Cooper–Letwin Act passed	Apr 2019
Brexit delayed until 31 October	Apr 2019
European Parliament election	May 2019
Theresa May resigns as PM	Jul 2019
Boris Johnson becomes PM	Jul 2019
Prorogation and annulment	Aug–Sep 2019
Benn Act passed	Sep 2019
Withdrawal agreement revised	Oct 2019
Brexit delayed until 31 January	Oct 2019
2019 general election	Dec 2019
Agreement Act passed	Jan 2020
UK leaves the European Union	Jan 2020
Implementation period begins	Jan 2020
UK–EU trade deal agreed	Dec 2020
Future Relationship Act passed	Dec 2020
Scottish Continuity Act passed	Dec 2020
Implementation period ends	Dec 2020
New EU–UK relationship begins	Jan 2021
UK–EU trade deal ratified	Apr 2021
Windsor Framework released	Feb 2023
Windsor framework adopted	Mar 2023

EU portal
UK portal

v
t
e

In the wake of the referendum held in the United Kingdom on 23 June 2016, many new pieces of Brexit-related jargon entered popular use.^[1]^[2]

The word "Brexit" was named as Word of the Year 2016 by the publishers of Collins English Dictionary.^[3]

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

References
Further reading
External links

A

Article 50: Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union specifies the procedure of withdrawing from the European Union. It was introduced in the Treaty of Lisbon from 2009. Under the process, once the formal notification has been sent, the withdrawing state and the European Union have a two-year deadline to negotiate a withdrawal agreement. After that time, unless an extension has been agreed or the withdrawing state revokes its intention to withdraw, the membership ends regardless of whether or not an agreement was reached. If an agreement has been reached before the deadline, the withdrawing state may end their membership at any time before the deadline. On 29 March 2017, UK Prime Minister Theresa May triggered the procedure.^[4]

Australian-style deal: A euphemism popularised by Boris Johnson to refer to a no-deal Brexit in which the United Kingdom would be placed in the same position in relation to the European Union as Australia which does not possess an existing trade agreement.^[5] The term WTO rules has a similar meaning referring to the default provisions governing international trade under rules set by the World Trade Organization (WTO).

B

Backstop: See Irish backstop

Blind Brexit: A scenario where the UK leaves the EU without clarity on the terms of a future trade deal.^[6]^[7] EU and British negotiators would then have until 31 December 2020 to complete a future trade deal. During this transition period the UK would effectively be treated as an EU member in many areas, but with the right to negotiate international trade agreements and no voting rights in the EU.^[8]^[9] Also known as a "Blindfold Brexit".

Bregret: A portmanteau of "Brexit" and "regret"; used by people who voted in favour of the Brexit referendum, but now express regret after seeing the aftereffects.^[10]

Bremain: A portmanteau of "British" and "remain"; used to refer to the option in the 2016 referendum to remain in the EU.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Breturn: A portmanteau of "British" and "return"; used by opponents of Brexit to describe a potential reversal of the referendum and rejoining of the EU at some point in the future.^[14]

Brexit: Brexit (like its early variant, Brixit)^[15] is a portmanteau of "British" and "exit". Grammatically, it has been called a complex nominal.^[16] The first attestation in the Oxford English Dictionary is a Euractiv blog post by Peter Wilding on 15 May 2012.^[17]^[18]^[19] It was coined by analogy with "Grexit", attested on 6 February 2012 to refer to a hypothetical withdrawal of Greece from the eurozone (and possibly the EU altogether, although there was never a clear popular mandate for it).^[20]^[21]^[19] The UK membership of the European Union ended at 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020, when a transition period began until the end of 2020 for UK and EU to negotiate further treaty arrangements in respect of their future trading relationship.^[22]

Brexit day

31 January 2020, the day the UK ceased to be a member of the EU. The date was originally set for 29 March 2019 at 11 p.m. GMT, but was moved three times: first to either 12 April or 22 May, depending on whether or not a withdrawal agreement was ratified; then to 1 July or 31 October, depending on whether or not the UK held European Parliament elections; and finally to 31 January 2020.^[23]

Brexiteer/Brexiter: See Leaver

Brextremist: portmanteau of "Brexiter" and "Extremist", a pejorative term used by some outlets to describe Leavers of an overzealous, uncompromising disposition.^[24]^[25]^[26]

Brexshit: A derogatory variant of Brexit, used chiefly by its opponents.^[27]^[28]^[29] It is a portmanteau of the terms Brexit and shit (a profane word referring to faeces).

Brextension: A word coined to describe the extension granted until 31 January 2020 (a portmanteau of Brexit and extension).^[30]

C

Canada plus/Canada model: This is shorthand for a proposal in which the UK signs a free trade agreement with the EU. This would allow the UK to control its own trade policy as opposed to jointly negotiating alongside the EU, but would require rules of origin agreements to be reached for UK–EU trade. It is likely this would lead to UK–EU trade being less "free" than joining the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and result in additional border controls being required, which is an issue of contention, particularly on the island of Ireland. The Canadian–EU deal took seven years to negotiate, but some Brexiteers argued it would take much less time between the UK and EU as the two participants already align on regulatory standards.^[31] (Others aimed for regulatory divergence as a matter of principle.)

Chequers plan: A July 2018 white paper by the UK government, setting out its wishes for the UK's future relationship with EU. The plan was agreed at a cabinet meeting at Chequers, and caused a number of resignations.^[32] When the UK and EU agreed a draft withdrawal agreement and the related political declaration in November 2018, the Chequers plan was superseded by that political declaration.^[33]

Clean break Brexit: See No-deal Brexit. This term is used primarily by proponents of a no-deal Brexit,^[2] in particular the Brexit Party.^[34] Also known as "clean brexit".

Customs union: See EU Customs Union

D

Divorce bill: The UK agreed to settle outstanding financial commitments that it had approved while a member of the EU. The amount owed is officially referred to as the financial settlement but has informally been referred to as an exit bill or divorce bill.^[35] The UK's Office for Budget Responsibility estimate of the amount at the original planned date of Brexit in March 2019 was £38 billion.^[36] Following delay of the UK's exit until 31 January 2020, after normal member contributions payable up to that date, a final settlement of £33 billion was estimated.^[37]^[38] This estimate was updated in July 2022 to £35.6 billion.^[39]

E

EU customs union: The customs union of the EU: an agreement that members do not impose taxes on goods imported from one another, and have a common tariff for goods imported from non-members countries.^[40] Being in a customs union facilitates trade and economic cooperation, but leaving the EU customs union allows the UK to conduct its own trade policy.^[41] In the 2019 withdrawal agreement, all of the UK will leave the EU customs union, which creates a de jure customs border on the Republic of Ireland–Northern Ireland border. In practice, customs checks will be performed at ports and airports in Northern Ireland, and taxes will be paid for goods that are "at risk" of being moved from Northern Ireland into the Republic of Ireland.^[42]; See also Irish Sea border, Northern Ireland Protocol, Windsor Framework, and Brexit and the Irish border.

Exit day: See also Brexit day; UK domestic law has defined "exit day" for the purpose of dealing with the domestic consequences of Brexit, but the date is not formally linked to UK's departure from the EU.^[43]

F

Fish for finance: The juxtapositioning in post-Brexit negotiations of EU access to UK natural resources on the one hand and UK access to the EU financial services market on the other. Fishermen in the eight European countries whose waters border the UK's would like to maintain something close to the level of access they have enjoyed under the EU Common Fisheries Policy, as they depend heavily on many species found in the UK's rich waters, while British fishermen want the European presence in UK waters to be limited. At the same time, UK financial institutions would like to keep the access they presently have to customers in the EU as it currently accounts for a significant part of their business, while the EU wants to make sure Britain's regulations are as strict as its own before it allows this.^[44]

Flextension: A "flextension" was how the House of Commons Library described the first extension made to the Article 50 period. That extension was until 22 May 2019 if the Theresa May Withdrawal Agreement was approved by the House of Commons, otherwise it was until 12 April.^[45]; A "flextension" was also how European Council president Donald Tusk characterised the extension to 31 January 2020, which allows the UK to leave before the deadline, on the first of any month, if by then a deal has been approved by the UK and European parliaments.^[46]

H

Hard and soft Brexit: "Hard Brexit" and "soft Brexit" are unofficial terms that are commonly used by news media^[47] to describe the prospective relationship between the UK and the EU after withdrawal. A hard Brexit usually refers to the UK leaving the EU and the European Single Market with few or no deals (trade or otherwise) in place, meaning that trade will be conducted under the World Trade Organization's rules, and services will no longer be provided by agencies of the European Union (such as aviation safety).^[48] Soft Brexit encompasses any deal that involves retaining membership in the European Single Market and at least some free movement of people according to European Economic Area (EEA) rules.^[49] Theresa May's "Chequers agreement" embraced some aspects of a "soft" Brexit.^[50] Note that the EEA and the deal with Switzerland contain fully free movement of people, and that the EU has wanted that to be included in a deal with UK on fully free trade.

Hard border: An Ireland–Northern Ireland border with physical border installations.^[40]^[51] The UK and EU both desire to prevent a hard border, but finding a way to achieve this has proved difficult.^[51] A hard border is feared because it might endanger the Good Friday Agreement that in 1998 ended the Northern Ireland conflict.^[1]^[51] With both Ireland and the UK a member of the EU, customs checks were not necessary,^[51] and the Good Friday Agreement removed security checks at the border.^[1] The draft withdrawal agreement, as updated in October 2019, avoids a hard border by keeping Northern Ireland aligned with some EU regulation, while performing customs checks at the Irish Sea border.^[42]

I

Indicative vote: Indicative votes are votes by members of parliament on a series of non-binding resolutions. They are a means of testing the will of the House of Commons on different options relating to one issue.^[52] MPs voted on eight different options for the next steps in the Brexit process on 27 March 2019; however, none of the proposals earned a majority in the indicative votes.^[53] MPs also voted on four options on 1 April 2019 in the second round of indicative votes. Still, none of the proposals earned a majority.^[54]

Implementation period: The period ending on 31 December 2020 at 11 p.m. GMT, as stated in section 39 of European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill 2019–20. The UK-EU withdrawal agreement uses the wording transition period, while the EEA-UK separation agreement has implementation period.

Irish backstop: An "insurance policy" intended to prevent a hard border between Ireland and Northern Ireland, and thus respecting the Good Friday Agreement.^[4]^[55] It was included in the 2018 draft withdrawal agreement, and would come in force if no solution to the Irish border problem was found during the transition period. Under the plan, the UK would remain in a customs union with the EU, while Northern Ireland and, to a lesser extent, the rest of the UK would follow additional EU rules.^[4] The backstop was controversial because critics feared it would bind the UK to the EU for an indefinite time,^[56] and the UK could not withdraw from it unilaterally.^[57] In October 2019, the withdrawal agreement was revised, and the Irish backstop was replaced with the Article 18 of the Northern Ireland Protocol which provides for a four-year period in which Northern Ireland would remain aligned with certain EU laws. This arrangement can be extended for further four-year periods for as long as the Northern Ireland Assembly assents by simple majority vote.^[58]

L

Leaver: Those supporting Brexit are sometimes referred to as "Leavers".^[59]^[60] Alternatively the term "Brexiteers",^[61]^[62] or "Brexiters" has been used to describe adherents of the Leave campaign.^[63]^[64]^[65]^[66]

Level playing field: A collective term referring to the proposed commitment to abiding by common environmental, labour and social standards set in EU law as a pre-condition for British access to the Single Market under a prospective trade deal.^[67] It is determined by the commitment to avoiding regulatory arbitrage that might bestow an undue competitive advantage to British firms.

Lexit: Also Lexiter. A portmanteau of left-wing and Brexit,^[68] referring to left-wing advocacy of EU withdrawal.^[69]^[70]^[71]

M

Meaningful vote: A meaningful vote is a vote under section 13 of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, requiring the government to arrange for a motion proposing approval of the outcome of negotiations with the EU to be debated and voted on by the House of Commons before the European Parliament decides whether it consents to the withdrawal agreement being concluded on behalf of the EU in accordance with Article 50(2) of the Treaty on European Union.^[72]

Managed no-deal: "Managed no-deal Brexit",^[73] or "managed no deal Brexit",^[74] was increasingly used near the end of 2018, in respect of the complex series of political, legal and technical decisions needed if there is no withdrawal agreement treaty with the EU when the UK exits under the Article 50 withdrawal notice. The Institute for Government has advised that the concept is unrealistic.^[75]

N

No-deal Brexit: This means the UK would leave the European Union without a withdrawal agreement,^[76] and/or without a trade deal with the EU.

Northern Ireland Protocol: The 'Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland', commonly abbreviated to the 'Northern Ireland Protocol', is a protocol to the Brexit withdrawal agreement that governs the unique customs and immigration issues at the border on the island of Ireland between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the European Union, and on some aspects of trade in goods between Northern Ireland and the rest of the United Kingdom.^[77]

Norway model/Norway-plus model: The 'Norway model' is shorthand for a model where the United Kingdom leaves the European Union but becomes a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the European Economic Area. EFTA and EEA membership would allow the UK to remain in the single market but without having to be subject to the Common Fisheries Policy, Common Agricultural Policy, and the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The UK would be subject to the EFTA court for interstate disputes, which largely shadows the ECJ, would have to transfer a large amount of EU law into UK law, and would no longer have any direct say on shaping new EU rules (some of which the UK would be obliged to transpose into UK law). The UK would also retain reciprocal freedom of movement between the EU and UK, which was seen as a key issue of contention in the referendum.^[78]

The 'Norway-plus model' proposed a similar but closer relationship with the EU: this proposed in addition that the UK would join the European Union Customs Union.

P

People's Vote: An advocacy group launched in April 2018 which calls for a second referendum on the final Brexit deal. The People's Vote march is part of a series of demonstrations against Brexit.

Political declaration: A document setting out the intended future relationship between the UK and EU. The declaration formed the basis for the trade agreement negotiations that started once the UK left the EU.^[4] Unlike the withdrawal agreement which is a legally binding treaty, the political declaration had no legal force.^[79]

R

Rejoiner: Those in favour of the UK rejoining the EU are sometimes referred to as "Rejoiners".^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]

Remainer: Those in favour of the UK remaining in the EU are often referred to as "Remainers".^[84]

Remoaner: Portmanteau of "Remainer" and "moan", used pejoratively by Leavers to describe a subset of Remainers, especially those that criticised or campaigned to undo the result after the referendum.^[85]^[63]^[65]

S

Second referendum: A second referendum has been proposed by a number of politicians and pressure groups. The Electoral Commission has the responsibility for nominating lead campaign groups for each possible referendum outcome.^[86]

Singapore-on-Thames: A model for the post-Brexit British economy that proposes that the UK deregulate and offer businesses a lower tax burden as an alternative to the EU, much like Singapore does in Asia.^[87]^[88]

Slow Brexit: The term "slow Brexit" was first coined by Prime Minister Theresa May on 25 March 2019 as she spoke to Parliament, warning MPs that Article 50 could be extended beyond 22 May, slowing down the Brexit process. A 'slow Brexit' implies a longer period of political uncertainty in which members of Parliament will debate a sequence of steps of Britain's departure from the European Union.^[89]^[90]

T

Take back control:

A pro-Brexit phrase implying that Britain's sovereignty and ability to make its own laws had been lost by its membership of the EU and would return after withdrawal.^[91]^[92]^[93]^[94]^[95]^[96]

W

Windsor Framework: The 'Windsor Framework' is a post-Brexit legal agreement between the EU and the UK, designed to address problems with the movement of goods from Great Britain to Northern Ireland (and thus to the EU Single Market) arising from the Northern Ireland Protocol.

Withdrawal agreement: A treaty between the UK and the EU, setting out the terms for the UK's withdrawal. The first version was agreed in November 2018^[79] but was rejected by the UK parliament three times.^[97] The agreement contained the contentious Irish backstop, which was one of the reasons for opposition to it.^[51] The failed ratification led to the resignation of the UK prime minister, Theresa May,^[97] and her successor Boris Johnson sought to renegotiate it despite the EU's refusal to do so.^[98] In October 2019, the EU and the new UK government agreed a new version of the withdrawal agreement, with the backstop replaced by a different solution to the Irish border problem.^[58] The new agreement passed its second reading in the House of Commons in December 2019, following a general election in which the Conservatives won a decisive majority.^[99]

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^ Baczynska, Gabriela (14 December 2020). "Explainer: Blocking EU-UK trade deal - the level playing field". Reuters. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ Blakeley, Grace (23 November 2018). "Lexit: The left's strategy for Brexit". BBC. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
^ Jones, Owen (14 July 2015). "The left must put Britain's EU withdrawal on the agenda". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
^ West, Catherine (30 January 2018). "I know a left-wing Brexit is a myth – I wrote the report on why it would never work". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
^ Peretz, George (27 December 2018). "Four reasons Jeremy Corbyn is dead wrong about EU state aid". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
^ Institute for Government. (2019). Parliament's 'meaningful vote' on Brexit. Article updated 29 March 2019; retrieved 8 April 2019.
^ Maguire, Patrick (11 December 2018). "Could the next Tory leader really pull off a "managed no-deal Brexit"?". New Statesman.
^ Foster, Peter (18 December 2018). "Managed no deal: What exactly does it mean for Brexit – and what will happen?". The Telegraph.
^ Lisa O'Carroll and Rowena Mason (28 July 2019). "Johnson told no-deal Brexit will crush domestic policy plans. Institute for Government tells PM there is 'no such thing as a managed no deal'". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
^ "What is a no-deal Brexit? Here are the consequences of the UK leaving the EU without a deal". inews.co.uk. 4 September 2019.
^ "AGREEMENT on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community". Official Journal of the European Union. Document 12020W/TXT (L 29/7). 31 January 2020.
^ "The Norway model is back on the Brexit agenda – here's what that means". businessinsider.com. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
^ ^a ^b Boffey, Daniel; Rankin, Jennifer (25 November 2019). "Brexit deal explained: backstops, trade and citizens' rights". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
^ Rejoiners?, Stephen Bush, Fabian Society, 16 October 2018
^ Brexit: Rejoiners should learn from Remainers, Brendan Donnelly, The Federal Trust, 20th September 2021
^ Why are there so few EU Rejoiners?, Tim Congdon, The Critic, March 2022
^ My fellow Rejoiners are living a fantasy, Nick Tyrone, The Spectator, 2 January 2021
^ Reasons to be cheerful? How the 'Remoaners' are fighting back on Brexit, Sydney Morning Herald, July 28, 2017
^ "remoaner noun – Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes". www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. a name given to a person who believes that the UK should remain in the European Union and does not support Brexit: – The journalist doesn't mind being called a Remoaner, as it tells her that her opponents, the Brexiteers, are getting desperate.
^ Institute for Government. (2019). How would a second referendum on Brexit happen? Article updated 22 March 2019; retrieved 23 March 2019.
^ Raphael, Therese (15 October 2019). "Singapore-on-Thames Isn't Going to Happen". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
^ Vasagar, Jeevan (24 November 2017). "Singapore-on-Thames? This is no vision for post-Brexit Britain". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
^ "Theresa May Wields Threat of 'Slow Brexit' in Final Bid for Support". Bloomberg. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
^ "Theresa May warns of 'slow Brexit' as MPs vote to grab the reins". Metro. 26 March 2019.
^ Gamble, Andrew (3 August 2018). "Taking back control: the political implications of Brexit". Journal of European Public Policy. 25 (8): 1215–1232. doi:10.1080/13501763.2018.1467952. ISSN 1350-1763. S2CID 158602299.
^ Dörre, Klaus (1 June 2019). ""Take Back Control!"". Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie. 44 (2): 225–243. doi:10.1007/s11614-019-00340-9. ISSN 1862-2585. S2CID 214621225.
^ Ringeisen-Biardeaud, Juliette (16 March 2017). ""Let's take back control": Brexit and the Debate on Sovereignty". Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique. French Journal of British Studies. 22 (2). doi:10.4000/rfcb.1319. ISSN 0248-9015.
^ Konstantinidis, Nikitas; Matakos, Konstantinos; Mutlu-Eren, Hande (1 June 2019). ""Take back control"? The effects of supranational integration on party-system polarization". The Review of International Organizations. 14 (2): 297–333. doi:10.1007/s11558-019-09355-z. ISSN 1559-744X. S2CID 255310992.
^ Smith, Julie (2019). "Fighting to 'Take Back Control': The House of Lords and Brexit". Brexit and Democracy: The Role of Parliaments in the UK and the European Union. European Administrative Governance. Springer International Publishing: 81–103. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-06043-5_4. ISBN 978-3-030-06042-8. S2CID 159127418.
^ Hayward, Katy (14 March 2020). "Why it is impossible for Brexit Britain to 'take back control' in Northern Ireland". Territory, Politics, Governance. 8 (2): 273–278. doi:10.1080/21622671.2019.1687328. ISSN 2162-2671. S2CID 216209860.
^ ^a ^b "Theresa May resigns over Brexit: What happened?". BBC News. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
^ "Jean-Claude Juncker Tells Boris Johnson The EU Will Not Renegotiate Brexit Deal". LBC. 25 July 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
^ Stewart, Heather (20 December 2019). "Brexit: MPs pass withdrawal agreement bill by 124 majority". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 January 2020.

Further reading

"Brexit: Jargon-busting guide to the key terms". BBC News. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
Gadd, Eleanor, ed. (17 December 2019). "Brexit Glossary" (PDF). House of Commons Library. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
Henley, Jon (23 November 2018). "Brexit phrasebook: a guide to the talks' key terms". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
O'Grady, Sean (21 February 2018). "Brexicon: A full dictionary of Brexit-related jargon". The Independent. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
Kirby, Jen (28 October 2019). "Brexiteer to second referendum: a handy Brexit glossary". Vox. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
"Brexit: The jargon explained". Sky News. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.

External links

Look up Appendix: Brexit glossary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

v
t
e

Referendum question

"Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?"

Referendum legislation

European Union Referendum Act 2015
- Gibraltar
European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016
The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016

Background

Treaties	Rome 1972 Accession Treaty Single European Act Maastricht Amsterdam Nice European Constitution Lisbon United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation
Legislation	European Communities Act 1972 Amendments: 1986 1993 1998 2002 2008 2011 European Economic Area Act 1993
Proposed bills	European Union Bill 2004–05 European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14
Elections	2014 European Parliament election 2015 general election
By-elections	2014 Clacton 2014 Heywood and Middleton 2014 Rochester and Strood
Other	UK accession 1973 EC enlargement UK membership 1975 EC membership referendum UK rebate Bruges speech No. No. No. Black Wednesday EEA Maastricht Rebels UK Opt-outs The European Union: In or Out Bloomberg speech Russian interference Balance of Competences Review 2015–16 renegotiation Euroscepticism in the UK

Campaign
organisations

Remain	Britain Stronger in Europe (official campaign) Labour In for Britain
Leave	Vote Leave (official campaign) Leave.EU BeLeave Grassroots Out Labour Leave Campaign for an Independent Britain The Freedom Association Better Off Out Get Britain Out Bruges Group

Aftermath of
referendum

Political party leadership elections	Conservative 2016 2019 Scottish, Feb 2020 Labour UKIP
Opposition to Brexit	Proposed second referendum People's Vote Petition to revoke Article 50 Led By Donkeys Bollocks to Brexit
Elections	2017 local 2017 general 2018 local 2019 local 2019 European Parliament Brexit Party 2019 general
By-elections	2016 Witney 2016 Richmond Park 2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham 2017 Copeland 2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central 2019 Peterborough 2019 Brecon and Radnorshire
Other	International reactions March to Leave Brexit Alliance Blue Collar Conservativism Brexit Party Independent Alliance for Reform

Brexit process

Miller I case
Invocation of Article 50
Negotiations
- Brexit divorce bill
- 2017
- 2018
- 2019
Withdrawal agreement
- Parliamentary votes
No-deal Brexit
- Operation Yellowhammer
Prorogation of Parliament
- Miller II / Cherry case
Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU
- Fish for finance
EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)

Impact of Brexit
and
potential effects

on Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland	2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation Brexit and the Irish border Northern Ireland Protocol proposed changes Irish Sea border Windsor Framework
Other	on Gibraltar on the EU Science and technology Economic effects Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union

Brexit legislation

White papers	Brexit plan Repeal Bill plan Chequers plan Brexit withdrawal agreement plan
Enacted	Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017 Withdrawal Act 2018 (Gibraltar) Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018 Cooper–Letwin Act Benn Act Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020 (Gibraltar) Internal Market Act 2020 Future Relationship Act 2020 UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020
Proposed	Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018 European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19

Related

Brexit 50p coin
Change Britain
Change UK
Chaos with Ed Miliband
European Research Group
"Enemies of the People"
Leave Means Leave
Led By Donkeys
More United
Northern Future Forum
The New European
Open Britain
Proposed second Scottish independence referendum
Rue du Brexit
Terminology (Glossary)
Tufton Street
United Ireland
Voting pencil conspiracy theory
Retained EU law

Media depictions

Remainiacs (2017)
Postcards from the 48% (2018)
Not Tonight (2018)
Brexit: The Uncivil War (2019)
@BorderIrish (2018–2020)

Category

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