Grade I listed buildings in Monmouthshire

Monmouthshire shown within Wales
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Monmouthshire is a county and principal area of Wales. It borders Torfaen and Newport to the west; Herefordshire and Gloucestershire to the east; and Powys to the north. The largest town is Abergavenny, with the other major towns being Chepstow, Monmouth, and Usk.[1] The county is 850 km2 (330 sq mi) in extent,[2] with a population of 95,200 as of 2020[update].[3] The present county was formed under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, which came into effect in 1996, and comprises some sixty percent of the historic county.[4][5] Between 1974 and 1996, the county was known by the ancient title of Gwent,[6] recalling the medieval Welsh kingdom.[7] In his essay on local government in the fifth and final volume of the Gwent County History, Robert McCloy suggests that the governance of "no county in the United Kingdom in the twentieth century was so transformed as that of Monmouthshire".[8]

In the United Kingdom, the term "listed building" refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical or cultural significance. Listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. Once a building is listed, strict limitations are imposed on the modifications allowed to its structure or fittings. In Wales,[9] authority for listing under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 lies with Cadw.[10] Listed buildings are categorised into three grades:

  • Grade I – buildings of exceptional interest, only 2.5% of listed buildings in England and Wales are Grade I;
  • Grade II* – buildings of particular importance with more than special interest, 5.8% of listed buildings in England and Wales are Grade II*;
  • Grade II – buildings of special interest; 91.7% of all listed buildings in England and Wales are in this class.[11]

There are 53 Grade I listed buildings in Monmouthshire.[note 1][12] These consist of twenty-four churches, a priory and an abbey, eight castles, seven houses, two bridges, a barn, a cross, a farm, a folly, a gatehouse, a hotel, a municipal building, a stables, and two elements of town walls. The journalist Simon Jenkins notes the county's "fine collection" of castles,[13] mostly dating from the Norman invasion of Wales, and describes Chepstow as "the glory of medieval south Wales".[14] The castle at Raglan is later, dating from the mid-fifteenth century.[15] The fortified bridge over the River Monnow at Monmouth is the only remaining fortified river bridge in the country with its gate tower standing on the bridge, and has been described as "arguably the finest surviving medieval bridge in Britain".[16] Monmouthshire has a more "modest"[13] range of churches, although that at Bettws Newydd has "perhaps the most complete rood arrangement remaining in any church in England and Wales".[17] The county's Grade I listed abbey, at Tintern, became a focal point of the Wye Tour[18] in the late-eighteenth century.[19] The Monmouthshire writer and artist, Fred Hando, chronicled the history of the county in some 800 newspaper articles written between the 1920s and the 1960s and published in the South Wales Argus, focusing on "the little places of a shy county".[20] Among the Grade I listed structures Hando described were "the tallest house in Monmouthshire" at Treowen,[21] "the most crooked church in Britain" at Cwmyoy,[22] and the Arts and Crafts sgraffito at Llanfair Kilgeddin.[23]

Notable people associated with Monmouthshire's Grade I listed buildings include Henry V, born at Monmouth Castle in 1387;[24] the medieval soldier and statesman William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, who undertook major construction at Chepstow Castle;[25] and Henry Somerset, 1st Marquess of Worcester, who entertained his king at Raglan, and lost the castle at the end of the First English Civil War.[26] William Wordsworth undertook the Wye Tour in 1798, composing Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey during his visit,[27] and Walter Savage Landor sought, unsuccessfully, to establish a landed estate at Llanthony Priory.[28] Archdeacon Coxe's record of his journey to Llanthony in the spring of 1799 provides an illustration of the hazards of travelling in Wales at this time: "I would not recommend timid persons to pass this way in a carriage, for in the whole course of my travels, I seldom met with one more inconvenient and unsafe".[29] In 1840, the Chartist leader John Frost and two colleagues were tried at the Shire Hall in Monmouth and sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered, the last such sentences to be passed in Britain.[note 2][30] A statue in front of the Shire Hall commemorates Charles Stewart Rolls, the aviator and entrepreneur who was the first Briton to be killed in a plane crash.[31]

The architecture of the county was first systematically covered by William Coxe in his two-volume, An Historical Tour in Monmouthshire, published in 1801.[note 3] Coxe's Preface explains the Tour's genesis; "The present work owes its origin to an accidental excursion in Monmouthshire, in company with my friend Sir Richard Hoare, during the autumn of 1798. I was struck with the picturesque ruins of ancient castles, and I was animated with the view of mansions distinguished by the residence of illustrious persons".[32] A detailed county history was undertaken by Sir Joseph Bradney, in his A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time; published in the early 20th century.[33] More recent studies include those of the architectural historian John Newman, in his Gwent/Monmouthshire volume of the Pevsner Buildings of Wales series; and, most exhaustively, by Sir Cyril Fox and Lord Raglan, in their three-volume study, Monmouthshire Houses.[34] The last was described by the architectural historian Peter Smith as "one of the most remarkable studies of vernacular architecture yet made in the British Isles,[35] a landmark, in its own field, as significant as Darwin's Origin of Species".[36]

Buildings

Name Location Date Listed Grid Ref.[note 4]
Geo-coordinates 		Function Notes Reference Number Image
Abbey Hotel Llanthony 9 January 1956 SO2883227873
51°56′41″N 3°02′12″W / 51.944808861401°N 3.0367936443754°W / 51.944808861401; -3.0367936443754 (Abbey Hotel) 		Commercial Built into the west range of Llanthony Priory[37] 1940 Abbey Hotel
Abergavenny Castle Abergavenny 7 May 1952 SO2994413962
51°49′12″N 3°01′04″W / 51.819898203107°N 3.0177896854119°W / 51.819898203107; -3.0177896854119 (Abergavenny Castle) 		Castle West of the main road on the southern approach to the town centre[38] 2376 Abergavenny Castle
Court Farm Barn Llanthony 9 January 1956 SO2870227868
51°56′41″N 3°02′19″W / 51.944747235926°N 3.0386835615742°W / 51.944747235926; -3.0386835615742 (Court Farm Barn) 		Barn On the west side of the Llanthony Priory precinct about 110m from the priory ruins[39] 1941 Court Farm Barn
Caldicot Castle Caldicot 6 October 1953 ST4867988516
51°35′35″N 2°44′32″W / 51.59316838225°N 2.7422545221732°W / 51.59316838225; -2.7422545221732 (Caldicot Castle) 		Castle About 300m east of the Church of St Mary and about 700m east of Caldicot[40] 2006 Caldicot Castle
Castle House Usk 16 February 1953 SO3775301088
51°42′18″N 2°54′08″W / 51.705088232202°N 2.902201314861°W / 51.705088232202; -2.902201314861 (Castle House) 		House On a hillside a little north east of Usk town centre and below the castle[41] 2128 Castle House
Chepstow Castle Chepstow 12 June 1950 ST5333094113
51°38′38″N 2°40′33″W / 51.64389456027°N 2.6758667834541°W / 51.64389456027; -2.6758667834541 (Chepstow Castle) 		Castle In a commanding position on the west bank of the River Wye[42] 2475 Chepstow Castle
Church of St Aeddan Bettws Newydd 9 January 1956 SO3622305874
51°44′53″N 2°55′31″W / 51.747941854858°N 2.9252175906742°W / 51.747941854858; -2.9252175906742 (Church of St Aeddan) 		Church At the south east end of the village, approached by lane running east, just to the north of Bettws Lodge[43] 1962 Church of St Aeddan
Church of St Bridget Skenfrith 19 November 1953 SO4560920340
51°52′44″N 2°47′30″W / 51.878984899316°N 2.7915523126198°W / 51.878984899316; -2.7915523126198 (Church of St Bridget) 		Church Towards the north end of Skenfrith village and approximately 100m north west of Skenfrith Castle[44] 2082 Church of St Bridget
Church of St Cadoc Llangattock Lingoed 9 January 1956 SO3615220064
51°52′32″N 2°55′44″W / 51.87549890715°N 2.9288655122272°W / 51.87549890715; -2.9288655122272 (Church of St Cadoc) 		Church In a sloping churchyard, in the centre of Llangattock Lingoed[45] 1955 Church of St Cadoc
Church of St David Llangeview 18 November 1980 SO3968300694
51°42′06″N 2°52′27″W / 51.701757384859°N 2.8742069225504°W / 51.701757384859; -2.8742069225504 (Church of St David) 		Church In a rounded churchyard overlooking the A449 Usk exit, reached via lane running south from the B4235 just east of the bridge over the A449[46] 2711 Church of St David
Church of St David Llanthony 9 January 1956 SO2884927820
51°56′40″N 3°02′12″W / 51.94433°N 3.03653°W / 51.94433; -3.03653 (Church of St David) 		Church 50m south of the priory buildings at Llanthony[47] 1938 Church of St David
Church of St Jerome Llangwm 19 August 1955 SO4329000557
51°42′03″N 2°49′19″W / 51.700902675144°N 2.821996356783°W / 51.700902675144; -2.821996356783 (Church of St Jerome) 		Church Some 500m east of Llangwm Isaf church, in an isolated site[48] 2028 Church of St Jerome
Church of St John Llandenny 27 November 1953 SO4151203923
51°43′52″N 2°50′54″W / 51.730980562993°N 2.8482871471469°W / 51.730980562993; -2.8482871471469 (Church of St John) 		Church In the centre of the village of Llandenny, in an elevated position within an enclosed churchyard[49] 17425 Church of St John
Church of St Martin Cwmyoy 9 January 1956 SO2990523354
51°54′16″N 3°01′13″W / 51.904322404237°N 3.0202641676575°W / 51.904322404237; -3.0202641676575 (Church of St Martin) 		Church In the centre of Cwmyoy village on the east slope of the Vale of Ewyas[50] 1933 Church of St Martin
Church of St Mary Abergavenny 7 May 1952 SO3010114136
51°49′17″N 3°00′56″W / 51.821482084132°N 3.0155474763321°W / 51.821482084132; -3.0155474763321 (Church of St Mary) 		Church Key building in the group of historic buildings close to the main commercial centre of Abergavenny[51] 2373 Church of St Mary
Church of St Mary Caldicot 19 August 1955 ST4831688629
51°35′39″N 2°44′51″W / 51.59415°N 2.74751°W / 51.59415; -2.74751 (Church of St Mary) 		Church About 400m north east of the centre of Caldicot village[52] 2019 Church of St Mary
Church of St Mary Chepstow 12 June 1950 ST5359493973
51°38′34″N 2°40′19″W / 51.642657781077°N 2.6720331822535°W / 51.642657781077; -2.6720331822535 (Church of St Mary) 		Church At the end of the street within a churchyard crossed by a walkway to Lower Church Street[53] 2594 Church of St Mary
Church of St Mary the Virgin Llanfair Kilgeddin 9 January 1956 SO3558708684
51°46′23″N 2°56′06″W / 51.773130426428°N 2.9349505372968°W / 51.773130426428; -2.9349505372968 (Church of St Mary the Virgin) 		Church Close to the river Usk 1.5 km (0.93 mi) north east of Pant-y-goitre[54] 2782 Church of St Mary the Virgin
Church of St Mary Magor 1 March 1963 ST4252986980
51°34′44″N 2°49′51″W / 51.578763937612°N 2.8307725200588°W / 51.578763937612; -2.8307725200588 (Church of St Mary) 		Church In the centre of the village and reached off Magor Square[55] 2928 Church of St Mary
Church of St Mary Portskewett 19 August 1955 ST4988888107
51°35′23″N 2°43′29″W / 51.589600343769°N 2.7247447545583°W / 51.589600343769; -2.7247447545583 (Church of St Mary) 		Church In the centre of Portskewett village at the junction of Main Road and Sudbrook Road[56] 2044 Church of St Mary
Church of St Michael and All Angels Gwernesney 18 November 1980 SO4148901805
51°42′43″N 2°50′54″W / 51.711937074281°N 2.8482636256591°W / 51.711937074281; -2.8482636256591 (Church of St Michael and All Angels) 		Church Some 2 km (1.2 mi) east north east of the Usk junction of the A449, just north of the B4235[57] 2715 Church of St Michael and All Angels
Church of St Nicholas Grosmont 9 January 1956 SO4047624300
51°54′51″N 2°52′00″W / 51.914059071955°N 2.8667958972657°W / 51.914059071955; -2.8667958972657 (Church of St Nicholas) 		Church In the centre of Grosmont in a large churchyard[58] 1947 Church of St Nicholas
Church of St Nicholas Trellech 19 November 1953 SO5004305486
51°44′45″N 2°43′30″W / 51.745859624791°N 2.7249983592773°W / 51.745859624791; -2.7249983592773 (Church of St Nicholas) 		Church Prominently sited in the centre of Trellech[59] 2106 Church of St Nicholas
Church of St Peter, St Paul and St John Llantrisant 18 November 1980 ST3912196924
51°40′04″N 2°52′54″W / 51.667803883061°N 2.8816793569441°W / 51.667803883061; -2.8816793569441 (Church of St Peter, St Paul and St John) 		Church In the centre of Llantrisant[60] 2718 Church of St Peter, St Paul and St John
Church of St Teilo Llantilio Crossenny 19 November 1953 SO3988814983
51°49′49″N 2°52′25″W / 51.830237524744°N 2.8737181568702°W / 51.830237524744; -2.8737181568702 (Church of St Teilo) 		Church In a churchyard in the centre of Llantilio Crossenny[61] 2073 Church of St Teilo
Church of St Teilo Llantilio Pertholey 9 January 1956 SO3115216336
51°50′29″N 3°00′03″W / 51.841389885889°N 3.0007398277434°W / 51.841389885889; -3.0007398277434 (Church of St Teilo) 		Church Just off the old Hereford road about 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Abergavenny[62] 2002 Church of St Teilo
Church of St Tewdric Mathern 19 August 1955 ST5231390881
51°36′53″N 2°41′24″W / 51.61475139212°N 2.6901218736737°W / 51.61475139212; -2.6901218736737 (Church of St Tewdric) 		Church In the centre of Mathern[63] 2040 Church of St Tewdric
Church of St Tysoi Llansoy 19 August 1955 SO4421902396
51°43′03″N 2°48′32″W / 51.717529038817°N 2.8088501385971°W / 51.717529038817; -2.8088501385971 (Church of St Tysoi) 		Church At the southern end of Llansoy about 250m south of the junction with the main road[64] 2029 Church of St Tysoi
Clytha Castle Llanarth 9 January 1956 SO3639008390
51°46′14″N 2°55′24″W / 51.770579431288°N 2.923260277483°W / 51.770579431288; -2.923260277483 (Clytha Castle) 		Folly On a hillside south of Clytha Park off the old A40 road some 300m east of the gates to the park[65] 1968 Clytha Castle
Clytha Park Llanarth 9 January 1956 SO3667109025
51°46′35″N 2°55′09″W / 51.776319928071°N 2.9193045353085°W / 51.776319928071; -2.9193045353085 (Clytha Park) 		House In a landscaped park north of the old A40 reached via a drive from the entrance opposite the junction with the road to Bettws Newydd[66] 1966 Clytha Park
Cross at Croes Lwyd Raglan 31 January 2001 SO4005306992
51°45′30″N 2°52′12″W / 51.758416527154°N 2.8699402141797°W / 51.758416527154; -2.8699402141797 (Cross at Croes Lwyd) 		Cross On the southern side of Broom Lane about 400m east of Broom House, at the bottom of the garden at Whitecross Cottage[67] 24716 Cross at Croes Lwyd
Great Castle House Monmouth 15 August 1974 SO5070912915
51°48′46″N 2°42′59″W / 51.812707845338°N 2.7164100024564°W / 51.812707845338; -2.7164100024564 (Great Castle House) 		House In the castle enclosure at the highest point of the town and just north of the town square[68] 2217 Great Castle House
Grosmont Castle Grosmont 9 January 1956 SO4053224454
51°54′56″N 2°51′58″W / 51.915449494561°N 2.8660084897158°W / 51.915449494561; -2.8660084897158 (Grosmont Castle) 		Castle On a flat elevated plateau, some 100m north west of Grosmont village, approached along a narrow lane from the main street[69] 1949 Grosmont Castle
Llanthony Priory Llanthony 9 January 1956 SO2885427872
51°56′41″N 3°02′11″W / 51.944802691704°N 3.0364734290307°W / 51.944802691704; -3.0364734290307 (Llanthony Priory) 		Church In Llanthony village in the Vale of Eywas[70] 1939 Llanthony Priory
Llanvihangel Court Llanvihangel Crucorney 6 May 1952 SO3278120411
51°52′42″N 2°58′40″W / 51.878221343415°N 2.9778927642542°W / 51.878221343415; -2.9778927642542 (Llanvihangel Court) 		House In Llanvihangel Crucorney about 400m south east of the Church of St Michael[71] 1919 Llanvihangel Court
Llanvihangel Court Stable Block Llanvihangel Crucorney 29 January 1998 SO3279420362
51°52′40″N 2°58′40″W / 51.877782425112°N 2.9776943871555°W / 51.877782425112; -2.9776943871555 (Llanvihangel Court Stable Block) 		Stables About 30m south of Llanvihangel Court[72] 19288 Llanvihangel Court Stable Block
Llwyn-celyn Farmhouse Llanvihangel Crucorney 9 January 1956 SO3095021807
51°53′26″N 3°00′17″W / 51.890546478865°N 3.0047669592616°W / 51.890546478865; -3.0047669592616 (Llwyn-celyn Farmhouse) 		Farmhouse On a knoll on the west side of Stanton about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) north west of Llanvihangel Crucorney[73] 1937 Llwyn-celyn Farmhouse
Mathern Palace Mathern 6 October 1953 ST5229090821
51°36′51″N 2°41′26″W / 51.614210000776°N 2.6904458376599°W / 51.614210000776; -2.6904458376599 (Mathern Palace) 		House In the centre of Mathern village about 50m south west of the Church of St Tewdric[74] 2007 Mathern Palace
Monmouth Castle Monmouth 15 August 1974 SO5067512872
51°48′44″N 2°43′01″W / 51.812318256955°N 2.716897019083°W / 51.812318256955; -2.716897019083 (Monmouth Castle) 		Castle On the east bank of the River Monnow at the highest point of the town and just north of the town square[75] 2216 Monmouth Castle
Monnow Bridge Monmouth 15 August 1974 SO5046012508
51°48′32″N 2°43′12″W / 51.809026739108°N 2.7199632928636°W / 51.809026739108; -2.7199632928636 (Monnow Bridge) 		Bridge At the entrance to Monmouth's principal commercial street which leads up the hill to the town square from the south-west[76] 2218 Monnow Bridge
Pen-y-Clawdd Court Llanvihangel Crucorney 6 May 1952 SO3103020099
51°52′31″N 3°00′12″W / 51.875202368259°N 3.0032627120055°W / 51.875202368259; -3.0032627120055 (Pen-y-Clawdd Court) 		House About 1500m south west of the Church of St Michael, Llanvihangel Crucorney approached by a lane from the small settlement round the old Llanvihangel station[77] 1926 Pen-y-Clawdd Court
Penallt Old Church Penallt 19 November 1953 SO5219810732
51°47′36″N 2°41′40″W / 51.79321162371°N 2.6945109680669°W / 51.79321162371; -2.6945109680669 (Penallt Old Church) 		Church In the very northernmost corner of Trellech Community about 1000m south of Monmouth, on the B4239 road at the junction by High Glanau[78] 2104 Penallt Old Church
Port Wall Chepstow 24 March 1975 ST5325993947
51°38′33″N 2°40′37″W / 51.642396207326°N 2.676870551066°W / 51.642396207326; -2.676870551066 (Port Wall) 		Walls, railings, gates Extending from near Chepstow Castle, uphill to the town gate and crossing to the quarry above the station[79] 2477 Port Wall
St Mary's Priory Church Usk 1 April 1974 SO3789200811
51°42′09″N 2°54′01″W / 51.702613430887°N 2.9001406321098°W / 51.702613430887; -2.9001406321098 (St Mary's Priory Church) 		Church A town centre church, just south of the main thoroughfare with a large walled churchyard[80] 2123 St Mary's Priory Church
Priory Gatehouse Usk 16 February 1953 SO3783600795
51°42′09″N 2°54′03″W / 51.702463376228°N 2.9009480163587°W / 51.702463376228; -2.9009480163587 (Priory Gatehouse) 		Gatehouse At right angles to the churchyard entrance, on a corner site, facing up Priory Street to Twyn Square[81] 2126 Priory Gatehouse
Raglan Castle Raglan 19 November 1953 SO4143308324
51°46′14″N 2°51′01″W / 51.770537620941°N 2.8501736636801°W / 51.770537620941; -2.8501736636801 (Raglan Castle) 		Castle Magnificently sited 0.25 km (0.16 mi) north of Raglan and reached by a private drive from the A40[82] 2101 Raglan Castle
Old Wye Bridge Chepstow 24 March 1975 ST5361094359
51°38′46″N 2°40′19″W / 51.646129480673°N 2.6718532886353°W / 51.646129480673; -2.6718532886353 (Old Wye Bridge) 		Bridge Continuing the line of Bridge Street. Aligned almost due north/south, crossing a bend in the River Wye, here the boundary between Wales and England. The north part of the bridge is in England[83] 2479 Old Wye Bridge
Shire Hall Monmouth 27 June 1952 SO5078012837
51°48′43″N 2°42′55″W / 51.812012876784°N 2.7153690759584°W / 51.812012876784; -2.7153690759584 (Shire Hall) 		Shire Hall In the town square in the centre of Monmouth with a cobbled area to the front and sides spreading as far as the line of the road and including the statue of Charles Stewart Rolls, the co-founder of Rolls-Royce[84] 2228 Shire Hall
Tintern Abbey Tintern 29 September 2000 SO5329100037
51°41′50″N 2°40′38″W / 51.69715140172°N 2.6772244447268°W / 51.69715140172; -2.6772244447268 (Tintern Abbey) 		Church In a prominent position on the right bank of the river Wye on the east side of the A466[85] 24037 Tintern Abbey
Town Gate Chepstow 6 December 1950 ST5327993793
51°38′28″N 2°40′36″W / 51.641013320263°N 2.6765609328788°W / 51.641013320263; -2.6765609328788 (Town Gate) 		Walls, railings, gates At the main entrance to the fortified town between Moor Street outside the gate to the west and the High Street to the east[86] 2476 Town Gate
Treowen Mitchel Troy 1 May 1952 SO4615311109
51°47′46″N 2°46′56″W / 51.796050279369°N 2.7822105369036°W / 51.796050279369; -2.7822105369036 (Treowen) 		House About 4.5 km (2.8 mi) west south west of Monmouth and 1 km (0.62 mi) north north east of Dingestow church, prominently situated amidst its own parkland just north of the road between Dingestow and Wonastow[87] 2065 Treowen
Usk Castle Usk 16 February 1953 SO3767701089
51°42′18″N 2°54′12″W / 51.705088767691°N 2.9033011675682°W / 51.705088767691; -2.9033011675682 (Usk Castle) 		Castle On a spur on the hillside a short distance north east of the town[88] 2127 Usk Castle
White Castle Llantilio Crossenny 19 November 1953 SO3795616754
51°50′45″N 2°54′07″W / 51.845946783581°N 2.9020686900332°W / 51.845946783581; -2.9020686900332 (White Castle) 		Castle Overlooking Llanvetherine, some 3 km (1.9 mi) north west of village of Llantilio Crossenny[89] 2079 White Castle

See also

  • flagWales portal

External links

Click here to see an interactive OpenStreetMap with locations of all Grade I listed buildings, Monmouthshire-wide, for which coordinates are included in the list-articles linked above.

Notes

  1. ^ The British Listed Buildings online (BLBO) site records 54 listed buildings, as it has two entries for the Old Wye Bridge, Chepstow. It is not uncommon for bridges to have two listings when, as at Chepstow, one end of the bridge is in one country and the other in another. BLBO records the listing for the English end of the bridge (Entry 8, HE 1101561) as 'Chepstow Bridge', and the listing for the Welsh end (Entry 47, Cadw 2479) as 'Road Bridge over River Wye'.
  2. ^ The sentences were subsequently commuted to transportation for life.
  3. ^ An earlier history, authored by David Williams, a Welsh minister, was published in 1796.
  4. ^ Sometimes known as OSGB36, the grid reference is based on the British national grid reference system used by the Ordnance Survey.

References

  1. ^ Evans 1953, p. 29.
  2. ^ "Monmouthshire – History, Facts, & Points of Interest". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  3. ^ "Labour Market Profile - Monmouthshire". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  4. ^ "Clause 256 (Hansard, 20 July 1972)". api.parliament.uk. HMSO. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  5. ^ "Local Government (Wales) Act 1994". UK Government. 1994. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  6. ^ Clark 1979, p. 207.
  7. ^ Clark 1980, p. 42.
  8. ^ McCloy 2013, p. 126.
  9. ^ "Coflein". online database of RCAHMW. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  10. ^ "Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990". The National Archives. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  11. ^ "Historic England – Listed Buildings". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  12. ^ "Grade I Listed Buildings in Monmouthshire". British Listed Buildings Online. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  13. ^ a b Jenkins 2008, p. 163.
  14. ^ Jenkins 2008, p. 169.
  15. ^ Jenkins 2008, p. 174.
  16. ^ Hayman 2016, p. 69.
  17. ^ Newman 2000, p. 120.
  18. ^ Tyerman & Warner 1951, p. 3.
  19. ^ Mitchell 2010, pp. 65–74.
  20. ^ Hando 1944, p. 15.
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