Gual and España conspiracy

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The Gual and España conspiracy (1797)^[1] was a pro-independence movement that originated in the port city of La Guaira in Colonial Venezuela.^[2] It was led by José María España and Manuel Gual, two white creoles.^[2] The Spanish revolutionary, Juan Bautista Mariano Picornell y Gomila, was involved. It is also believed that Simón Rodríguez, an early teacher of Simón Bolívar, was involved.^[3]

The conspiracy of Gual and España was reported on 13 July to Captain General Pedro Carbonell, who ordered a persecution against the conspirators, in which 49 Creoles and 21 Spaniards were arrested. Both Gual and España escaped to the neighboring English colony of Trinidad. A reward was put on their heads.

Deaths of Gual and España

Despite the reward offered for his capture, in 1799, José María España secretly returned to Venezuela, but was arrested in La Guaira and sent to Caracas, where the Royal Court sentenced him to the death penalty on 6 May. He was tortured, hanged, beheaded and dismembered on 8 May in the Plaza Mayor (current Plaza Bolívar).
Manuel Gual remained in Trinidad, from where he maintained communication with the precursor Francisco de Miranda, who was in London. On 25 October 1800 he died in San José de Oruña, Trinidad, possibly poisoned by a Spanish spy named Valecillos.

References

^ Congress, The Library of. "LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
^ ^a ^b Thomson, Sinclair (2023), Soriano, Cristina; Echeverri, Marcela (eds.), "On the Origins of Latin American Independence: A Reappraisal of Colonial Crisis, Popular Politics, and Atlantic Revolution in the Eighteenth Century", The Cambridge Companion to Latin American Independence, Cambridge University Press, pp. 26–27, ISBN 978-1-108-49227-0
^ Briggs, Ronald (2010). Tropes of Enlightenment in the Age of Bolivar: Simon Rodriguez and the American Essay at Revolution. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780826516954.