Hark Olufs
- Sailor
- treasurer
- military commander
Hark Olufs (17 or 19 July 1708 – 13 October 1754) was a North Frisian sailor. He was captured by Algerian pirates and sold into slavery. By successfully working as a slave servant to the Bey of Constantine, he eventually obtained his freedom from captivity.
Life
Hark Olufs was born the son of a nautical captain named Oluf Jensen on either July 17 or 19 in 1708 on the North Frisian island of Amrum, which then belonged to Denmark. In 1721 he became a seaman on the Hoffnung, a ship belonging to his father.
In 1724, on a voyage from Nantes to Hamburg, Olufs’ ship was seized by Algerian pirates and he and his two cousins were taken hostage. Olufs' family could not afford the high price demanded in ransom by the Barbary slave traders for his release. Because the ship had been sailing under Hamburg colours, the family's request for a loan from the slavery fund of the Danish Kingdom was rejected.
Subsequently, Olufs was sold as a slave on Algiers' slave market. From 1724 to 1727/28 he was a slave servant of the Bey of Constantine and advanced in responsibility to become the Bey's treasurer. Between 1728 and 1732 he was made Commander of the Life Guards. In 1732 he became Agha ed-Deira, Commander in Chief of the local cavalry. In 1735, he took part in the conquest of Tunis by the Algerian army during the disposal of Al-Husayn I ibn Ali. As a reward, Olufs was released on October 31 and allowed to return to Amrum.[1] In 1747 he published an autobiography in Danish, which was translated into German in 1751. Hark Olufs died on October 13, 1754, in Süddorf on Amrum. His headstone is still visible in the graveyard of Nebel.
Legacy
Hark Oluf's life was chronicled in a biographical novel in 2010:
- Weinbörner, Udo (2010). Der General des Bay. Das abenteuerliche Leben des Amrumer Schiffsjungen Hark Olufs (in German). Bad Honnef: Horlemann. ISBN 978-3-89502-299-9.
See also
References
- Notes
- Sources
- "Ein Amrumer Schicksal im 18. Jahrhundert". Die Geschichte Norddeutschlands - Im Zeichen des Kreuzes (in German). March 13, 2007. Norddeutscher Rundfunk. Archived from the original on March 17, 2008. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
- Olufs, Hark. "Harck Olufs,... Besynderlige AVANTURES,... (Autobiography)" (in Danish). Martin Rheinheimer. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- Rheinheimer, Martin (2007). Der fremde Sohn. Hark Olufs' Wiederkehr aus der Sklaverei. (The alien Son. Hark Olufs' Return from Slavery.) (in German) (3rd ed.). Wachholtz. ISBN 978-3-529-02775-8.
- Rheinheimer, Martin (2001). "Hark Olufs and the Barbary States". University of Southern Denmark. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- v
- t
- e
by continent
of enslavement
- The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789)
- The Narrative of Robert Adams (1816)
- American Slavery as It Is (1839)
- Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845)
- The Life of Josiah Henson (1849)
- Twelve Years a Slave (1853)
- My Bondage and My Freedom (1855)
- Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861)
- The Underground Railroad Records (1872)
- Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881)
- Up from Slavery (1901)
- Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States (1936–38)
- The Peculiar Institution (1956)
- The Slave Community (1972)
- Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" (2018)
- Oroonoko (1688)
- Sab (1841)
- Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)
- The Heroic Slave (1852)
- Clotel (1853)
- The Bondwoman's Narrative (c. 1853 – c. 1861)
- Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856)
- Our Nig (1859)
- Jubilee (1966)
- The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967)
- Roots: The Saga of an American Family (1976)
- Underground to Canada (1977)
- Kindred (1979)
- Dessa Rose (1986)
- Beloved (1987)
- Middle Passage (1990)
- Queen: The Story of an American Family (1993)
- Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons (1996)
- Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade (2001)
- Walk Through Darkness (2002)
- The Known World (2003)
- Unburnable (2006)
- The Book of Negroes (2007)
- The Underground Railroad (2016)
- Amos Fortune, Free Man (1951)
- I, Juan de Pareja (1965)
- Copper Sun (2006)
- "To a Southern Slaveholder" (1848)
- A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853)
- The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom (1858)
- The Octoroon (1859)
- Omar (2022)
- Unchained Memories (2003)
- Frederick Douglass and the White Negro (2008)
- Abolitionism in the United States
- African-American literature
- Anti-Tom novels
- Atlantic slave trade
- Captivity narrative
- Caribbean literature
- Films featuring slavery
- Slavery in the United States
- Songs of the Underground Railroad
- Treatment of slaves in the United States
- List of last surviving American enslaved people
- Book of Negroes (1783)
- Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book (1847)
- Slave-Trading in the Old South (1931)
- Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon (2008)
- Slave Songs of the United States (1867)
- Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery (2002)
- The Hemingses of Monticello (2008)