Hausmannite

Mixed oxide mineral of manganese II and III: Mn3O4
MnIIMnIII2O4,
MnO·Mn2O3, or
Mn3O4IMA symbolHsm[1]Strunz classification4.BB.10Crystal systemTetragonalCrystal classDitetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm)
H-M symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m)Space groupI41/amdUnit cella = 5.76 Å
c = 9.46 Å; Z = 4IdentificationFormula mass228.81 g/molColorBrownish black, grayish.Crystal habitMassive – granular – common texture observed in granite and other igneous rock. pseudo octahedral – crystals show an octahedral outline.TwinningRepeated twins on {112}Cleavage[001] PerfectFractureUneven – flat surfaces (not cleavage) fractured in an uneven pattern.TenacityBrittleMohs scale hardness5.5LusterSubmetallicStreakDark reddish brownDiaphaneityOpaque, transparent on thin edgesSpecific gravity4.7 – 4.84, average = 4.76Optical propertiesUniaxial (−)Refractive indexnε = 2.15, nω = 2.46Birefringenceδ = 0.31Other characteristicsAnisotropism: Distinct, bireflectance: weak; O = light gray; E = dark gray.References[2][3][4]

Hausmannite is a complex oxide, or a mixed oxide, of manganese containing both di- and tri-valent manganese. Its chemical formula can be represented as MnIIMnIII2O4, or more simply noted as MnO·Mn2O3, or Mn3O4, as commonly done for magnetite (Fe3O4), the corresponding iron oxide. It belongs to the spinel group and forms tetragonal crystals. Hausmannite is a brown to black metallic mineral with Mohs hardness of 5.5 and a specific gravity of 4.8.

The type locality is Oehrenstock (Öhrenstock), Ilmenau, Thuringian Forest, Thuringia, Germany, where it was first described in 1813.[3] Locations include Batesville, Arkansas, US; Ilfeld, Germany; Langban, Sweden; and the Ural Mountains, Russia.[2] High quality samples have been found in South Africa and Namibia where it is associated with other manganese oxides, pyrolusite and psilomelane and the iron-manganese mineral bixbyite. Wilhelm Haidinger (1827) named it in honour of Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann (1782–1859), Professor of Mineralogy, University of Göttingen, Germany.[3]

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References

  1. ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
  2. ^ a b Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (2005). "Hausmannite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineral Data Publishing. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Hausmannite, Mindat.org, retrieved 2 July 2022
  4. ^ Barthelmy, David (2014). "Hausmannite Mineral Data". Webmineral.com. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
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