Hematologic disease

Disorders of the blood and related organs

Medical condition

Hematologic disease
Specialty	Hematology

Hematologic diseases are disorders which primarily affect the blood and blood-forming organs. Hematologic diseases include rare genetic disorders, anemia, HIV, sickle cell disease and complications from chemotherapy or transfusions.

Myeloid

Hemoglobinopathies (congenital abnormality of the hemoglobin molecule or of the rate of hemoglobin synthesis)
- Sickle cell disease
- Thalassemia
- Methemoglobinemia
Anemias (lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin)
- Iron-deficiency anemia
- Megaloblastic anemia
  - Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency
    - Pernicious anemia
  - Folate deficiency
- Hemolytic anemias (destruction of red blood cells)
  - Genetic disorders of RBC membrane
  - Genetic disorders of RBC metabolism
    - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD)
    - Pyruvate kinase deficiency
  - Immune mediated hemolytic anemia (direct Coombs test is positive)
    - Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
      - Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
        Idiopathic
        
        Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
        
        Evans syndrome (antiplatelet antibodies and hemolytic antibodies)
      - Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia
        Cold agglutinin disease
        
        Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (rare)
        
        Infectious mononucleosis
    - Alloimmune hemolytic anemia
      - Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
        Rh disease (Rh D)
        
        ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn
        
        Anti-Kell hemolytic disease of the newborn
        
        Rhesus c hemolytic disease of the newborn
        
        Rhesus E hemolytic disease of the newborn
        
        Other blood group incompatibility (RhC, Rhe, Kid, Duffy, MN, P and others)
    - Drug induced immune mediated hemolytic anemia
      - Penicillin (high dose)
      - Methyldopa
  - Hemoglobinopathies (where these is an unstable or crystalline hemoglobin)
  - Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (rare acquired clonal disorder of red blood cell surface proteins)
  - Direct physical damage to RBCs
    - Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
    - Secondary to artificial heart valve(s)
- Aplastic anemia
  - Fanconi anemia
  - Diamond–Blackfan anemia (inherited pure red cell aplasia)
  - Acquired pure red cell aplasia
Decreased numbers of cells
- Myelodysplastic syndrome
- Myelofibrosis
- Neutropenia (decrease in the number of neutrophils)
- Agranulocytosis
- Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
- Thrombocytopenia (decrease in the number of platelets)
  - Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
  - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
  - Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
Myeloproliferative disorders (Increased numbers of cells)
- Polycythemia vera (increase in the number of cells in general)
- Erythrocytosis (increase in the number of red blood cells)
- Leukocytosis (increase in the number of white blood cells)
- Thrombocytosis (increase in the number of platelets)
- Myeloproliferative disorder
- Transient myeloproliferative disease
Coagulopathies (disorders of bleeding and coagulation)
- Thrombocytosis
- Recurrent thrombosis
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Disorders of clotting proteins
  - Hemophilia
    - Hemophilia A
    - Hemophilia B (also known as Christmas disease)
    - Hemophilia C
  - Von Willebrand disease
  - Disseminated intravascular coagulation
  - Protein S deficiency
  - Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Disorders of platelets

Hematological malignancies

Hematological malignancies
- Lymphomas
  - Hodgkin's disease
  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma {includes the next five entries}
- Myelomas
- Leukemias increased WBC
  - Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
  - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL){now included in theCLL/SCLL type NHL}
  - Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
  - Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL), a sub-type of acute myelogenous leukemia
  - Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis (MF)
  - Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
  - T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL)
  - B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL)
  - Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL)
  - Hairy cell leukemia (HCL)
  - T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T-LGL)
  - Aggressive NK-cell leukemia

Miscellaneous

Hematological changes secondary to non-hematological disorders

References

External links

https://web.archive.org/web/20100527085120/http://hematologic.niddk.nih.gov/info/index.htm

Classification	D MeSH: D006402

Diseases of red blood cells

↑

Polycythemia	Polycythemia vera

↓

Anemia

Nutritional

Micro-: Iron-deficiency anemia
- Plummer–Vinson syndrome

Macro-: Megaloblastic anemia
- Pernicious anemia

Hemolytic
(mostly normo-)

Hereditary

Acquired

AIHA	Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia Cold agglutinin disease Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia

membrane
- paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Aplastic
(mostly normo-)

Hereditary: Fanconi anemia

Diamond–Blackfan anemia

Blood tests

Other

Disorders of bleeding and clotting

Clotting

By cause	Clotting factors Antithrombin III deficiency Protein C deficiency Activated protein C resistance Protein S deficiency Factor V Leiden Prothrombin G20210A Platelets Sticky platelet syndrome Thrombocytosis Essential thrombocythemia DIC Purpura fulminans Antiphospholipid syndrome
Clots	Thrombophilia Thrombus Thrombosis Virchow's triad Trousseau sign of malignancy
By site	Deep vein thrombosis Bancroft's sign Homans sign Lisker's sign Louvel's sign Lowenberg's sign Peabody's sign Pratt's sign Rose's sign Pulmonary embolism Renal vein thrombosis

Bleeding

By cause

Thrombocytopenia	Thrombocytopenic purpura: ITP Evans syndrome TM TTP Upshaw–Schulman syndrome Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia May–Hegglin anomaly
Platelet function	adhesion Bernard–Soulier syndrome aggregation Glanzmann's thrombasthenia platelet storage pool deficiency Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome Gray platelet syndrome
Clotting factor	Hemophilia A/VIII B/IX C/XI von Willebrand disease Hypoprothrombinemia/II Factor VII deficiency Factor X deficiency Factor XII deficiency Factor XIII deficiency Dysfibrinogenemia Congenital afibrinogenemia

Signs and symptoms

By site

Diseases of monocytes and granulocytes

Monocytes and macrophages

↑

-cytosis:	Monocytosis Histiocytosis Chronic granulomatous disease

↓

-penia:	Monocytopenia

Granulocytes

↑

-cytosis:	granulocytosis Neutrophilia Eosinophilia/Hypereosinophilic syndrome Basophilia Bandemia

↓

-penia:	Granulocytopenia/agranulocytosis (Neutropenia/Severe congenital neutropenia/Cyclic neutropenia Eosinopenia Basopenia)

Disorder of phagocytosis

Chemotaxis and degranulation	Leukocyte adhesion deficiency LAD1 LAD2 Chédiak–Higashi syndrome Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency
Respiratory burst	Chronic granulomatous disease Neutrophil immunodeficiency syndrome Myeloperoxidase deficiency

Conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease

Maternal factors
complicating pregnancy,
labour or delivery

placenta	Placenta praevia Placental insufficiency Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
chorion/amnion	Chorioamnionitis
umbilical cord	Umbilical cord prolapse Nuchal cord Single umbilical artery
presentation	Breech birth Asynclitism Shoulder presentation

Growth

Birth trauma

scalp
- Cephalohematoma
- Chignon
- Caput succedaneum
- Subgaleal hemorrhage
Brachial plexus injury
- Erb's palsy
- Klumpke paralysis

Affected systems

Respiratory	Intrauterine hypoxia Infant respiratory distress syndrome Transient tachypnea of the newborn Meconium aspiration syndrome Pleural disease Pneumothorax Pneumomediastinum Wilson–Mikity syndrome Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Cardiovascular	Pneumopericardium Persistent fetal circulation
Bleeding and hematologic disease	Vitamin K deficiency bleeding HDN ABO Anti-Kell Rh c Rh D Rh E Hydrops fetalis Hyperbilirubinemia Kernicterus Neonatal jaundice Velamentous cord insertion Intraventricular hemorrhage Germinal matrix hemorrhage Anemia of prematurity
Gastrointestinal	Ileus Necrotizing enterocolitis Meconium peritonitis
Integument and thermoregulation	Erythema toxicum Sclerema neonatorum
Nervous system	Perinatal asphyxia Periventricular leukomalacia
Musculoskeletal	Gray baby syndrome muscle tone Congenital hypertonia Congenital hypotonia

Infections

Other

v t e Major Disease groups
Infection Parasitic disease
Benign tumor Cancer
Endocrine disease Malnutrition Metabolic disorder Immune disorder
Hematologic disease
Mental disorder
Neurological disorder Eye disease Ear disease
Cardiovascular disease Lymphatic disease
Respiratory disease
Maxillofacial disorder Gastrointestinal disease
Urologic disease Female genital disease Breast disease Male genital disease
Complications of pregnancy Obstetric labor complication Postpartum disorder
Skin disease
Musculoskeletal disorder Soft tissue disorder Connective tissue disease Bone disease Chondropathy
Congenital disorder Fetal disease